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. 2017 Nov 30;314(3):L514–L527. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00324.2017

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Overexpressing human growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in mice enhances lung viral infection and inhibits IFN-λ2/3 (IL-28A/B) expression during human rhinovirus (HRV)-1B infection. Human growth differentiation factor 15 transgenic (hGDF15 Tg+) mice or wild-type (WT) littermates (8–12 wk) were intranasally infected with HRV-1B at 107 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mouse or PBS (control) for 24 h. A and B: human GDF15 protein (A) and mouse GDF15 (B) protein in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assessed by ELISA. C: the release of infectious virus particles in BAL fluid of HRV-infected mice was examined by plaque assay. D: lung IFN-λ2/3 (IL-28A/B) mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Relative levels of mRNA expression were normalized to 18S rRNA levels and calculated via the ΔΔCt method. Data are presented as means ± SE from 2 independent experiments (PBS: n = 3–5 mice/group; HRV-1B: n = 4–7 mice/group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, compared with PBS controls or HRV-infected WT mice; NS, not significant.