Fig. 6.

Knockdown of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) reduces virus-induced inflammation during HRV-16 infection in human airway epithelial cells. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells transduced with lentiviruses encoding human GDF15 shRNA (shGDF15) or control shRNA (shControl) were grown at air-liquid interface and infected with HRV-16 [multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1] or PBS (control) for 24 h. Protein levels of IP-10 (A), IL-6 (B), IL-8 (C), and GDF15 (D) in apical supernatants (ASN) were assessed by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SE from four independent experiments. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, compared with PBS controls or shControl cells; NS, not significant.