Table 1.
Coefficients from models predicting psychological distress and well-being, pooled data from MIDUS wave 1 (1995 to 1996) and refresher cohort (2011 to 2014), non-Latino whites (n = 4,627)
| Outcome | High negative affect | Major depression | Positive affect† | Life satisfaction† | Psychological well-being† | Social well-being† |
| Male (ref., female) | −0.284** | −0.647*** | 0.069* | −0.053 | −0.016 | −0.027 |
| (−0.478, −0.090) | (−0.859, −0.436) | (0.002, 0.136) | (−0.118, 0.012) | (−0.082, 0.050) | (−0.091, 0.036) | |
| Age − 40 | −0.006 | −0.032** | 0.004 | 0.007* | −0.006 | 0.002 |
| (−0.024, 0.011) | (−0.051, −0.012) | (−0.003, 0.011) | (0.000, 0.013) | (−0.012, 0.000) | (−0.005, 0.009) | |
| (Age − 40)2 | −0.001** | −0.001** | 0.000*** | 0.001*** | 0.000*** | −0.000 |
| (−0.001, −0.000) | (−0.001, −0.000) | (0.000, 0.001) | (0.000, 0.001) | (0.000, 0.001) | (−0.000, 0.000) | |
| SES‡ | −1.551*** | −1.210*** | 0.432*** | 0.674*** | 1.046*** | 1.078*** |
| (−2.017, −1.085) | (−1.699, −0.722) | (0.268, 0.596) | (0.515, 0.832) | (0.888, 1.204) | (0.919, 1.238) | |
| SES‡ × (age − 40) | 0.005 | 0.028 | −0.009 | −0.011* | −0.003 | 0.005 |
| (−0.024, 0.034) | (−0.002, 0.059) | (−0.019, 0.000) | (−0.020, −0.002) | (−0.012, 0.006) | (−0.004, 0.015) | |
| 2011–2014 (ref., 1995–1996) | 0.655** | 0.335 | −0.317** | −0.338*** | −0.207* | −0.102 |
| (0.234, 1.076) | (−0.114, 0.784) | (−0.512, −0.122) | (−0.532, −0.143) | (−0.391, −0.024) | (−0.281, 0.078) | |
| 2011–2014 × (age − 40) | 0.000 | 0.009 | −0.001 | −0.004 | 0.004 | −0.001 |
| (−0.015, 0.015) | (−0.008, 0.025) | (−0.006, 0.005) | (−0.009, 0.001) | (−0.001, 0.009) | (−0.006, 0.005) | |
| 2011–2014 × SES‡ | −0.869* | −0.655 | 0.407** | 0.498*** | 0.132 | 0.169 |
| (−1.588, −0.150) | (−1.404, 0.094) | (0.142, 0.671) | (0.234, 0.762) | (−0.120, 0.383) | (−0.077, 0.415) | |
| Constant | −0.588*** | −0.699*** | −0.330*** | −0.406*** | −0.520*** | −0.551*** |
| (−0.873, −0.304) | (−0.993, −0.406) | (−0.443, −0.218) | (−0.520, −0.292) | (−0.630, −0.411) | (−0.657, −0.445) |
***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.
Note: Models for binary outcomes (i.e., negative affect and major depression) are fit with logistic regression, while all other outcomes are fit using linear regression; 95% confidence intervals are shown in parentheses below the coefficient. ref, reference group.
Standardized (mean 0, SD 1) to better compare effect size.
SES represents percentile rank, which has been rescaled to range from 0 (1st percentile) to 1 (99th percentile). Thus, a one-unit effect represents the difference between a person in the bottom 1% and the top 1% of the SES continuum. The effects for any variables interacted with SES represent the effects for a person in the bottom 1% of SES.