Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis.
| Source | Descriptions of intervention and control groups | Duration (weeks) | Telehealtha | Disease severityb | PA assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compared with usual care group | |||||
| Altenburg and colleagues (a)c13 | Intervention: received usual care and a lifestyle PA counselling program, which included 5 individual 30 min counselling sessions, a pedometer, and a diary. | 12 | No | 78 | steps/day; pedometer |
| Control: received usual care | |||||
| Altenburg and colleagues (b)d13 | Intervention: received usual care and a lifestyle PA counselling program, which included 5 individual 30 min counselling sessions, a pedometer, and a diary. | 12 | No | 58 | steps/day; pedometer |
| Control: received usual care | |||||
| Demeyer and colleagues14 | Intervention: received a semiautomated telecoaching program, which included a one-to-one interview, a pedometer, a smartphone with applications, a booklet, weekly group text message, and telephone contacts, plus usual care using a standard leaflet explaining the importance and recommendations of PA. | 12 | Yes | 56 | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received the same usual care as the intervention group. | |||||
| Hornikx and colleagues15 | Intervention: received a PA counselling program, which included a pedometer and personal, telephone-based PA counselling, and advice to increase PA. | 4 | Yes | 42 | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received advice about increasing PA. | |||||
| Hospes and colleagues16 | Intervention: received a PA counselling program, which included 5 individual 30-min counselling sessions, and a pedometer. | 12 | No | 64.7 | steps/day; pedometer |
| Control: received usual care | |||||
| Mendoza and colleagues17 | Intervention: received a pedometer-based program, which included PA counselling, a pedometer and a diary | 12 | No | 66.1 | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received PA counselling | |||||
| Moy and colleagues19 | Intervention: received an internet-mediated pedometer-based program, which included a pedometer, motivational contents, an online community forum, and educational content at the first 4 months. | 52 | Yes | NS | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received a pedometer but no information about PA and goal setting. | |||||
| Tabak and colleagues20 | Intervention: received a tele-rehabilitation intervention, which included an accelerometer, a smartphone, and feedback text messages, plus usual care that could consist of medication and physiotherapy. | 4 | Yes | 52.6 | steps/day; pedometer |
| Control: received usual care as the intervention group. | |||||
| Vorrink and colleagues21 | Intervention: received usual care and an mHealth intervention, which included a smartphone with an accelerometer embedded, a phone/internet contract and an individual face-to-face instruction on the use of the smartphone and the application | 24 | No | 56 | steps/day (weekday); accelerometer |
| Control: received usual care. | |||||
| Compared with PR programmes | |||||
| Altenburg and colleagues (c)e13 | Intervention: received a lifestyle PA counselling program, which included 5 individual 30-min counselling sessions, a pedometer, and a diary, plus a PR program that included 9 weeks of exercise training (3 sessions/week, 1–2 h/session). | 12 | No | 43 | steps/day; pedometer |
| Control: received the same PR program as the intervention group. | |||||
| Cruz and colleagues25 | Intervention: received a PA-focused behavioral intervention, which included psychosocial support, education sessions, health contracts, a pedometer, and a diary, plus a PR program that included psychosocial support and education sessions once a week and 12 weeks of exercise training (3 sessions/week, 60 min/session). | 12 | No | 67.1 | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received the same PR program as the intervention group. | |||||
| de Blok and colleagues26 | Intervention: received a lifestyle PA counselling program, which included 4 separate 30-min counselling sessions and a pedometer, plus a PR programme containing exercise training, dietary intervention and psycho-educational modules according to evidence-based guidelines. | 9 | No | 48 | steps/day; pedometer |
| Control: received the same PR program as the Intervention group. | |||||
| Kawagoshi and colleagues27 | Intervention: received a low-intensity and home-based PR program, which included upper and lower limb exercises, and a monthly 45-min education program, plus a pedometer | 52 | No | 56.6 | walking time; accelerometer |
| Control: received the same PR program as the intervention group. | |||||
| Nolan and colleagues28 | Intervention: received a pedometer intervention, plus a twice weekly supervised, 8-week PR program comprised two supervised sessions of exercise and education and at least one additional home-based exercise session per week (2 h/session). | 8 | No | 50.5 | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received the same PR program as the Intervention group. | |||||
| Holland and colleagues 29 | Intervention: received a pedometer with PA counselling, a home visit, and weekly telephone calls, plus an 8-week, twice weekly home-based PR program that included aerobic exercise training (at least 30 min), resistance training, and self-management education. | 8 | Yes | 51 | steps/day; accelerometer |
| Control: received a center-based PR program with the core components the same as the intervention group. | |||||
NS, not specified; PA, physical activity; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation.
a
It included components like telephone calls, text messages, or internet applications.
b
It was assessed by baseline mean values of forced expiratory volume in 1s, %pred in both groups.
c
This study enrolled patients from general practices.
d
This study enrolled in outpatient hospital clinics.
e
This study enrolled patients from a PR center (i.e. receiving PR programs).