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CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathway inhibition. CTLA-4 inhibition allows for activation and proliferation of more T-cell clones, and reduces Treg-mediated immunosuppression. PD-1 pathway inhibition restores the activity of antitumour T cells that have become quiescent.
CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, programmed death 1; PD-L, programmed death ligand 1; TCR, T-cell receptor; Treg, regulatory T cell.
