Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 Jul 11;10:1758835918786228. doi: 10.1177/1758835918786228

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s), 2018

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 2. — The shift towards an immunosuppressed tumour microenvironment (TME) during tumour progression. Tumour cells stimulate the recruitment of myeloid and lymphoid derived immune cells, including macrophages, CD4+ Tregs, and MDSCs, to the TME via secretion of key cytokines that are chemotactic for these cell types. Tumour-cell derived anti-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β1, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) induce macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and MDSCs to upregulate immune-suppressive molecules including IL-10, TGF-β1, and CTLA-4, as well as pro-angiogenic factors. This results in further immune suppression, altered metabolism, and angiogenesis in the TME, promoting tumour progression. CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; IDO, indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; TGF, transforming growth factor; Treg, regulatory T cell; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells.