Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of the first 93 randomized trial participants.
| Variable | Choral singing (n = 47) | Controls (n = 46) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 70.98 (0.835) | 69.39 (0.779) | 0.168 |
| Women, n (%) | 76.6 | 80.4 | 0.652 |
| Education, n (%) | 0.235 | ||
| No formal schooling | 21.3 | 8.7 | |
| Primary and below | 53.2 | 63.1 | |
| Secondary and above | 25.5 | 28.2 | |
| Marital status | 0.925 | ||
| Married | 55.3 | 54.3 | |
| Divorced/Widowed/Single | 44.7 | 45.7 | |
| Living alone, n (%) | 14.9 | 15.2 | 0.965 |
| SMCC total score, mean (SD) | 39.32 (0.964) | 38.41 (0.642) | 0.438 |
| MMSE total score, median (IQR) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 0.720 |
| MoCA total score, median (IQR) | 26 (24–28) | 26 (25–29) | 0.766 |
| GDS total score, median (IQR) | 2 (0–3) | 1 (0–2.25) | 0.246 |
| GAI total score, median (IQR) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–1) | 0.122 |
| PSS total score, mean (SD) | 15.53 (0.633) | 14.91 (0.493) | 0.444 |
| GoldMSI score, mean (SD) | 58.94 (1.71) | 55.93 (1.79) | 0.229 |
Baseline comparability of the randomized groups was assessed using independent samples Student’s t-tests for continuous variables meeting the assumption of normality and Mann-Whitney tests for variables violating the normal distribution assumption. Chi-square tests and Fisher’s exact test were run for dichotomous variables. No significant differences between randomized groups were found.