Table 3.
Outcomes on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
| Antipsychotics (n=24) | CBT (n=26) | Antipsychotics plus CBT (n=25) |
Mean difference (SE; 95% CI); p value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBT vs antipsychotics | CBT vs antipsychotics plus CBT | Antipsychotics vs antipsychotics plus CBT | |||||
| Total | .. | .. | .. | −1·13 (2·39; −5·81 to 3·55); 0·637 | −5·65 (2·41; −10·37 to −0·93); 0·019 | −4·52 (2·44; −9·30 to 0·26); 0·064 | |
| Week 0 | 70·13 (10·11), 24 | 70·35 (8·03), 26 | 70·76 (8·46), 25 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 6 | 64·05 (11·39), 22 | 64·85 (7·85), 20 | 64·70 (9·74), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 12 | 60·81 (16·52), 21 | 63·74 (7·73), 23 | 58·40 (14·51), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 24 | 61·09 (14·44), 22 | 60·50 (8·74), 22 | 53·77 (12·54), 22 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 52 | 56·77 (14·10), 22 | 58·14 (11·68), 21 | 57·40 (13·58), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Positive | .. | .. | .. | −1·16 (1·14; −3·40 to 1·09); 0·312 | −2·02 (1·15; −4·27 to 0·24); 0·080 | −0·86 (1·17; −3·15 to 1·43); 0·462 | |
| Week 0 | 23·04 (4·60), 24 | 23·15 (4·63), 26 | 21·92 (3·63), 25 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 6 | 19·36 (5·44), 22 | 21·00 (4·38), 20 | 20·10 (4·41), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 12 | 19·19 (7·72), 21 | 21·00 (4·72), 23 | 17·40 (5·65), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 24 | 17·81 (6·85), 21 | 18·18 (4·81), 22 | 15·23 (5·31), 22 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 52 | 18·18 (6·52), 22 | 17·90 (5·92), 21 | 16·80 (6·05), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Negative | .. | .. | .. | −1·25 (0·78; −2·78 to 0·28); 0·110 | −2·31 (0·79; −3·85 to −0·77); 0·003 | −1·06 (0·79; −2·61, 0·49); 0·178 | |
| Week 0 | 16·17 (5·72), 24 | 15·50 (4·10), 26 | 15·24 (5·17), 25 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 6 | 14·64 (5·06), 22 | 15·05 (3·52), 20 | 13·90 (4·85), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 12 | 14·00 (4·32), 21 | 14·83 (3·10), 23 | 13·00 (5·23), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 24 | 14·14 (5·47), 22 | 14·91 (4·72), 22 | 12·41 (4·60), 22 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 52 | 12·73 (4·58), 22 | 14·62 (4·52), 21 | 12·80 (3·68), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Disorganised | .. | .. | .. | −0·19 (0·77; −1·69 to 1·32); 0·809 | −0·85 (0·77; −2·36 to 0·66); 0·273 | −0·66 (0·80; −2·22 to 0·90); 0·408 | |
| Week 0 | 16·25 (2·59), 24 | 17·15 (3·65), 26 | 17·80 (4·27), 25 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 6 | 15·77 (3·18), 22 | 16·8 (2·91), 20 | 17·50 (4·01), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 12 | 15·19 (4·96), 21 | 16·39 (3·37), 23 | 16·25 (4·10), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 24 | 15·10 (3·86), 21 | 15·50 (3·53), 22 | 14·50 (3·78), 22 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 52 | 14·82 (3·67), 22 | 15·67 (3·73), 21 | 15·80 (4·25), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Excitement | .. | .. | .. | −0·45 (0·75; −1·91 to 1·02); 0·549 | −0·80 (0·75; −2·27 to 0·67); 0·286 | −0·35 (0·76; −1·84 to 1·13); 0·641 | |
| Week 0 | 18·25 (4·35), 24 | 17·85 (3·86), 26 | 17·4 (4·14), 25 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 6 | 15·95 (4·09), 22 | 15·90 (3·93), 20 | 15·75 (4·05), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 12 | 15·52 (4·77), 21 | 15·52 (3·16), 23 | 14·35 (4·97), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 24 | 14·77 (3·37), 22 | 14·45 (3·40), 22 | 12·86 (4·36), 22 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 52 | 13·41 (4·07), 22 | 13·62 (2·89), 21 | 13·80 (4·26), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Emotional distress | .. | .. | .. | 0·0 (1·11; −2·17 to 2·18); 0·999 | −1·93 (1·12; −4·12 to 0·26); 0·084 | −1·93 (1·13; −4·15 to 0·29); 0·088 | |
| Week 0 | 25·46 (5·00), 24 | 25·31 (3·83), 26 | 26·28 (3·47), 25 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 6 | 22·55 (5·21), 22 | 21·50 (4·27), 20 | 23·10 (3·93), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 12 | 21·38 (6·91), 21 | 22·48 (4·31), 23 | 19·60 (5·74), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 24 | 21·55 (5·75), 22 | 20·95 (3·70), 22 | 17·50 (5·49), 22 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Week 52 | 19·86 (6·12), 22 | 19·10 (5·49), 21 | 20·10 (5·08), 20 | .. | .. | .. | |
Data are mean (SD), number of observations, unless otherwise specified. The effects are common to all follow-up times and are analysed by intention to treat. CBT=cognitive behavioural therapy.