Table 3.
Association between demographic and health-related variables, and Exhaustion
| Variables | OR univariate [95% CI] | OR multivariate [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||
| Age (years) | 1.01 [0.96–1.06] | |
| Male | 0.85 [0.22–3.22] | |
| Health-related variables | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.05 [0.96–1.14] | |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 1.00 [0.99–1.02] | |
| Dyspnea (≥ 2 mMRC) | 5.09 [2.06–12.55]** | 5.62 [1.98–15.93]** |
| Exacerbationsa (≥2) | 1.60 [0.66–3.88] | |
| Comorbilidities (≥ 4) | 1.02 [0.43–2.46] | |
| FEV1% predicted | 0.99 [0.97–1.02] | |
| FVC % predicted | 0.98 [0.96–1.01] | |
| Anxiety (HADS-A ≥ 11) | 8.48 [2.84–25.34]** | |
| Depression (HADS-D ≥ 11) | 20.78 [5.18–83.28]** | 22.63 [5.0–102.32]** |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, mMRC modified British Medical Research Council, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Anxiety), HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression), FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, CAT COPD assessment test
aModerate or severe exacerbations; **p < 0.01