Table 2.

Panel unit root test results

Cross-sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS*) (Trend)
Dep.Variables HE			IMR		MMR		U5MR		LFE
Income Groups	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff
GL	−2.13	− 3.74*	− 2.42	− 3.31*	− 2.54	− 4.26*	− 2.65	− 2.88*	− 2.95*	− 3.83*
LY	− 2.70	− 4.27*	−2.38	− 2.72*	− 1.90	− 3.33*	−2.04	− 2.71*	−2.85*	− 2.77*
LM	−2.44	− 3.44*	− 2.53	−2.98*	− 2.09	− 3.16*	− 3.23*	3.86*	− 3.11*	− 3.98*
HM	− 2.52	− 3.54*	− 2.12	−2.95*	− 2.36	− 4.42*	−2.17	− 2.96*	− 3.98*	− 4.13*
HY	− 1.49	− 2.94*	−2.02	− 3.09*	2.75*	− 5.12*	− 2.21	− 3.02*	− 2.73*	− 4.42*
Harris–Tsavalis (HT) (Trend)
Dep. Variables HE			IMR		MMR		U5MR		LFE
Income Groups	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff
GL	5.51	−16.51*	8.52	− 5.42*	12.34	9.13+	− 12.27*	−41.78*	13.98	6.05+
LY	1.07	− 13.35*	0.61	− 14.90*	6.02	5.22+	−13.20*	− 27.22*	8.87	6.69+
LM	4.17	−12.82*	7.12	5.54+	5.71	−5.79*	6.09	−7.17*	12.12	10.27+
HM	2.97	−10.25*	5.34	3.62+	5.92	−3.88*	5.93	3.29	1.68	−4.33*
HY	3.23	−10.26*	6.99	−5.16*	− 0.66	− 15.58*	6.88	5.92	4.37	−7.24*
Cross-sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS*) (Constant)
Dep. Variables HE			IMR		MMR		U5MR		LFE
Income Groups	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff
GL	−2.20*	−3.69*	−2.47*	− 2.53*	−2.42*	−3.68*	− 2.78*	−2.45*	− 2.12	−3.17*
LY	−3.16*	−4.37*	−2.78*	− 2.45*	−1.36	−2.50*	− 2.39*	2.31*	− 3.33*	− 2.88*
LM	− 2.82*	−3.79*	− 2.44*	−2.32*	− 2.09	−3.17*	− 3.23*	−2.51*	−1.14	−3.10*
HM	−3.25*	−3.57*	−2.30*	--2.61*	−2.63*	−3.80*	−2.42*	−1.81	−1.87	−4.18*
HY	−1.83	−3.41*	−2.03*	−3.10*	−2.75*	−4.63*	− 2.32*	− 3.02*	−2.38*	− 4.23*
Harris–Tsavalis (HT) (Constant)
Dep. Variables HE			IMR		MMR		U5MR		LFE
Income Groups	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff	Level	1st Diff
GL	11.05	−54.82*	10.16	−64.33*	9.35	−27.68*	6.72	−98.98*	12.27	−27.33*
LY	2.51	−16.51*	8.51	−5.41*	9.34	−27.68*	6.72	−98.97*	6.88	−30.25*
LM	4.17	−12.82*	7.21	−6.35*	3.83	−32.64*	5.27	−27.17*	7.08	1.13+
HM	2.87	−10.16*	5.27	3.57+	1.51	−5.46*	5.01	−7.91*	6.20	−34.49*
HY	11.05	−54.82*	10.16	−64.32*	9.34	−27.68*	6.72	−98.97*	11.00	−27.33*

Notes: *Significant at the 5% confidence interval. ⁺Not stationary at 1st difference. The optimal lag used for CIPS* test was based on MBIC and MAIC lag selection criteria. For the CIPS test the results of trend option are presented and the HT test the ‘Demean’ option was used to control for cross-sectional means. Here, HE Health expenditure per capita, GL Global, LY Low-income, LM Lower-middle, HM Higher-middle and HY High-income countries