Table 11.

The effect of kindergarten entry cut-off change and its lag variables on 4th Grade NAEP

	(1) Reading	(2) Mathematics
Change ( $θ_{1}^{4}$ )	2.227	3.088^***
Change ( $θ_{1}^{4}$ )	(1.459)	(1.069)
Change t-1 ( $θ_{2}^{4}$ )	−1.018	0.906
Change t-1 ( $θ_{2}^{4}$ )	(1.241)	(1.156)
Change t-2 ( $θ_{3}^{4}$ )	0.491	0.008
Change t-2 ( $θ_{3}^{4}$ )	(1.425)	(1.204)
Change t-3 ( $θ_{4}^{4}$ )	−0.758	0.481
Change t-3 ( $θ_{4}^{4}$ )	(1.071)	(1.461)
Change t-4 ( $θ_{5}^{4}$ )	−0.474	−0.683
Change t-4 ( $θ_{5}^{4}$ )	(1.052)	(1.200)
Change t-5 ( $θ_{6}^{4}$ )	−2.131	−0.541
Change t-5 ( $θ_{6}^{4}$ )	(1.549)	(0.980)
Observations	402	368
R²	0.898	0.962

Notes:

p<0.1;

^**

p<0.05;

^***

p<0.01.

Standard errors are in parentheses. Standard errors are clustered by state.

State and time fixed effects are controlled. Sex ratio, average ages of parents at birth, average birth weight, average gestation, the ratios of white parents, the ratios of black parents, average of mother’s years of education for each school cohort by state and school entry year, expenditure per student, average elementary school size, average secondary school size, the number of teachers per pupil, the number of staff per pupil, average teacher’s salary, unemployment rate, average personal income and cohort size by state and test year are used as regressors.