Table 3.

The effect of cutoff date on demographic, economic condition and education policy variables

	Mean	(1)FE	(2)FE	(3)FE	(4)FE	N
Sex ratio	0.512	0.0002^*	0.00001	0.0002	−0.00002	1,451
Sex ratio	(0.004)	(0.0001)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)
Father’s age at birth	29.19	0.015	0.018	−0.004	0.008	1,451
Father’s age at birth	(1.11)	(0.043)	(0.024)	(0.039)	(0.027)
Mother’s age at birth	27.73	0.061	−0.018	−0.073	0.009	1,451
Mother’s age at birth	(9.67)	(0.165)	(0.072)	(0.155)	(0.076)
Average birth weight (grams)	3329.3	−2.289	−0.900	−2.737^**	−0.919	1,451
Average birth weight (grams)	(47.91)	(1.43)	(0.615)	(1.199)	(0.605)
Average gestation (weeks)	39.16	−0.007	0.002	−0.006	0.003	1,451
Average gestation (weeks)	(0.336)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Ratio of white father	0.844	0.002	0.001	0.004	−0.0002	1,451
Ratio of white father	(0.082)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Ratio of black father	0.126	−0.001	0.0004	−0.002	0.002	1,451
Ratio of black father	(0.078)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Ratio of white mother	0.807	−0.00001	0.0005	0.001	0.001	1,451
Ratio of white mother	(0.102)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Ratio of black mother	0.160	0.001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0005	1,451
Ratio of black mother	(0.106)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Mother’s years of education	12.49	0.007	0.013	0.028	0.010	1,451
Mother’s years of education	(0.475)	(0.017)	(0.010)	(0.029)	(0.009)
Unemployment rate	0.061	−0.079	0.0002	−0.115	−0.069	1,331
Unemployment rate	(0.019)	(0.081)	(0.103)	(0.095)	(0.082)
Personal income per capita	33057.2	34.8	139.2	173.8	186.9	1,042
Personal income per capita	(6084.7)	(163.1)	(139.798)	(218.4)	(167.5)
Expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools	8992.2	314.7^***	216.7^***	323.6^***	227.6^**	958
	(2180.3)	(58.1)	(72.238)	(58.6)	(101.3)
Elementary school size	506.3	−8.220^***	−6.408^***	−8.309^***	−7.167^***	829
Elementary school size	(117.1)	(1.91)	(1.942)	(2.324)	(2.074)
Secondary school size	795.3	−3.672	−3.279	−3.477	−3.763	829
Secondary school size	(232.4)	(6.16)	(6.847)	(6.956)	(6.336)
The number of pupils per staff	8.90	−0.139^**	−0.177^**	−0.180^***	−0.216^***	829
The number of pupils per staff	(1.59)	(0.052)	(0.069)	(0.054)	(0.077)
The number of pupils per teacher	17.19	−0.082	−0.166^**	−0.067	−0.182^**	829
The number of pupils per teacher	(2.777)	(0.059)	(0.074)	(0.084)	(0.076)
Average salary of teachers	52264.7	566.4^***	353.7	628.4^***	437.1	829
Average salary of teachers	(8215.7)	(181.0)	(302.9)	(190.587)	(315.9)
Cohort size	64700.3	−3,830.8	−1,782.5	−9,421.5	−3,926.9^**	1,451
Cohort size	(81310.4)	(3,425.4)	(1,125.4)	(7,526.0)	(1,794.3)
Weight		N	N	Y	Y
Linear Time Trend		N	Y	N	Y

Notes:

p<0.1;

^**

p<0.05;

^***

p<0.01.

Standard errors are in parentheses. Standard errors are clustered by state.

The cutoff change variable is defined by a dummy variable that is 1 if cutoff change occurs in school entry year and 0 otherwise.

Specification (1)–(4) include state and time fixed effects and specification (2) and (4) add state-specific linear time trends. Specification (3) and (4) are weighted by square root of state population by year.