Table 3.
Fatty acid (g/100 g of fatty acids) contents in lutein-rich SC-CO2 extracts of yellow maize kernels at different extraction conditions
| Fatty acid carbon no. | Name of fatty acids | 400 bar, 60 °C | 400 bar, 70 °C | 400 bar, 80 °C | 450 bar, 60 °C | 450 bar, 70 °C | 450 bar, 80 °C | 500 bar, 60 °C | 500 bar, 70 °C | 500 bar, 80 °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C6:0 | Caproic acid | – | – | – | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 7.0 ± 0.37 | 1.37 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.04 | – | – |
| C8:0 | Caprylic acid | – | 4.00 ± 0.29 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C10:0 | Capric acid | 2.48 ± 0.16 | – | – | 0.07 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | 0.44 ± 0.01 | – |
| C11:0 | Undecanoic acid | 0.20 ± 0.14 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | – | – | – | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | – |
| C12:0 | Lauric acid | – | 0.4 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C13:0 | Tridecanoic acid | 2.76 ± 0.17 | 5.0 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 1.67 ± 0.08 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | – | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.5 ± 0.02 |
| C14:1 | Myristoleic acid | 0.17 ± 0.00 | – | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | – | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| C15:0 | Pentadeca-noic acid | – | – | – | 0.06 ± 0.00 | – | 0.07 ± 0.00 | – | – | – |
| C15:1 | Pentadece-noic acid | – | 0.08 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | 0.16 ± 0.01 | – | – | – |
| C16:0 | Palmiti-c acid | – | – | – | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.41 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | – | 1.96 ± 0.06 | – |
| C16:1 | Palmitoleic acid | 4.37 ± 0.31 | 3.00 ± 0.18 | 8.24 ± 0.47 | 2.82 ± 0.13 | 3.13 ± 0.27 | 4.32 ± 0.29 | 1.0 ± 0.07 | – | 3.5 ± 0.15 |
| C17:0 | Hepladecanoic acid | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.55 ± 0.04 | – | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
| C17:1 | Heptadecenoic acid | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | – | 0.11 ± 0.00 | – | 0.18 ± 0.00 | – | – | – |
| C18:0 | Stearic acid | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | – |
| C18:1 N9c | Oleic acid | 2.75 ± 0.12 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 1.56 ± 0.10 | 1.57 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | – | 1.00 ± 0.08 | – | 0.9 ± 0.05 |
| C18:1 N9t | Elaidic acid | – | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 4.48 ± 0.31 | – | – | 0.18 ± 0.00 | – | 0.98 ± 0.06 | – |
| C18:2 N6 | Linoleic acid | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 2.05 ± 0.00 | 1.31 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 2.45 ± 0.14 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.55 ± 0.02 |
| C18:3 N6 | γ-Linolenic acid | – | – | – | – | – | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 31.36 ± 1.28 | – | – |
| C20:0 | Arachidic acid | – | – | – | – | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | – | – | – |
| C20:1 N9 | Cis-11-Ei coseno-ic acid | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 1.56 ± 0.14 | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 1.11 ± 0.07 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.01 |
| C20:2 | Eicosadienoic acid | – | – | 19.51 ± 1.27 | 17.00 ±1.24 | – | 13.6 ± 1.17 | – | – | 20.00 ± 1.59 |
| C20:3 N6 | Eicosatrien-oic acid | 23.36 ± 2.11 | 20.3 ± 1.58 | 8.28 ± 0.48 | 3.31 ± 0.25 | 24.5 ± 2.16 | 3.00 ± 0.24 | – | 41.43 ± 2.63 | 5.00 ± 0.44 |
| C20:3 N3 | Eicosatrien-oic acid | 3.47 ± 0.27 | – | – | 2.36 ± 0.18 | 5.56 ± 0.38 | 4.47 ± 0.37 | – | 8.78 ± 0.39 | 4.5 ± 0.37 |
| C20:4 N6 | Arachidonic acid | – | 5.12 ± 0.47 | – | 2.26 ± 0.14 | – | 1.00 ± 0.04 | – | – | – |
| C20:5 | Eicosapent-aenoic acid | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 10.3 ± 1.01 | 1.17 ± 0.06 | – | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 3.58 ± 2.15 | 1.18 ± 1.06 | 3.64 ± 0.22 | – |
| C21:0 | Henicosanoic acid | 33.05 ± 2.53 | 30.00 ± 1.99 | 16.56 ± 1.22 | 35 ± 2.28 | 30.00 ± 2.53 | 28.05 ± 2.29 | 25.00 ± 1.94 | 25.22 ± 1.66 | 41.64 ± 2.64 |
| C22:0 | Behenic acid | 5.17 ± 0.41 | 12.00 ± 1.16 | 6.37 ± 0.04 | 5.00 ± 0.38 | 6.82 ± 0.57 | 2.66 ± 0.14 | 5.00 ± 0.38 | 7.53 ± 0.05 | 3.2 ± 0.26 |
| C22:1N9 | Erucic acid | 14.54 ± 1.19 | – | 17.33 ± .132 | 3.00 ± 0.18 | 11.01 ± 1.00 | 8.74 ± 0.68 | 20.00 ± 1.43 | 5.44 ± 0.65 | 10 ± 0.78 |
| C22:2 | Docosadienoic acid | 3.43 ± 0.21 | – | 8.33 ± 0.53 | – | 1.46 ± 0.05 | 7.7 ± 0.53 | 10.00 ± 0.76 | 1.38 ± 0.11 | 2.00 ± 0.08 |
| C22:6 | Docosahexa enoic acid | – | – | 4.85 ± 0.38 | 22.11 ± 2.08 | 2.0 ± 0.16 | 20.06 ± 2.01 | – | 1.41 ± 0.10 | 4.3 ± 0.23 |
| - | Other fatty acids | 0.70 | 0.51 | 1.01 | 3.51 | 1.69 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 2.36 | 3.15 |
| - | SFA | 43.88 | 52.2 | 23.73 | 40.05 | 47.13 | 33.79 | 31.5 | 35.38 | 45.79 |
| - | MUFA | 19.26 | 4.57 | 31.78 | 7.99 | 16.46 | 11.90 | 23 | 6.89 | 14.71 |
| - | PUFA | 36.15 | 42.72 | 43.46 | 48.45 | 34.77 | 53.90 | 44.99 | 55.35 | 36.35 |
| - | ω-6/ω-3 ratio | 1.57 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 9.83 | 2.89 | 0.16 | 28.65 | 3.00 | 0.63 |
Data are mean ± SD of three independent experimental runs
SFA saturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids