Table 3.

Results of multivariate Poisson regression to predict number of lunch promotion strategies used (n=366 schools) and logistic regression to predict whether school provides students with lunch period of at least 30 minutes (n=407 schools)

Variable	No. of Lunch Promotion Strategies			At Least 30-min Lunch Duration
	IRRf	95% CI	P value	Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
State lawa
No law	Refg			Ref
Any law	1.18	1.06–1.32	0.003	2.26	1.03–4.95	0.042
Level
Elementary school	Ref			Ref
Middle school	1.02	0.94–1.10	0.67	1.07	0.62–1.84	0.82
High school	1.01	0.94–1.10	0.74	2.43	1.32–4.47	0.005
Student race/ethnicityb
≥66% non-Hispanic white	Ref			Ref
≥50% non-Hispanic black	0.93	0.83–1.04	0.21	2.10	0.97–4.57	0.06
≥50% Hispanic	0.95	0.83–1.09	0.46	3.11	1.29–7.48	0.012
Diverse or other majority	0.93	0.80–1.07	0.28	1.27	0.60–2.65	0.53
Localebc
Urban	Ref			Ref
Suburban	0.91	0.77–1.08	0.28	1.57	0.69–3.55	0.28
Rural	0.97	0.85–1.10	0.61	0.67	0.26–1.74	0.41
Township	1.00	0.84–1.18	0.96	0.65	0.21–1.96	0.44
Socioeconomic composition (based on % of students eligible for free/reduced-priced lunch)b
Higher (≤40%)	Ref			Ref
Medium (>40% to <75%)	0.97	0.88–1.07	0.53	2.42	1.30–4.48	0.005
Lower (≤75%)	0.93	0.80–1.08	0.34	1.83	0.73–4.58	0.20
Sizebd
Larger	Ref			Ref
Medium	0.94	0.84–1.05	0.24	1.42	0.67–2.99	0.36
Smaller	1.02	0.91–1.14	0.76	1.37	0.62–3.04	0.44
Regione
West	Ref			Ref
Midwest	0.95	0.80–1.12	0.51	0.44	0.16–1.18	0.10
Northeast	0.97	0.82–1.14	0.70	0.60	0.22–1.64	0.32
South	0.96	0.82–1.13	0.66	0.51	0.19–1.39	0.19

^aAnalyses linked state laws regarding strategies to promote school meals by soliciting stakeholder input (for number of lunch promotion strategies), and state laws regarding adequate time for lunch duration (for the model to predict at least 30 minutes of seated time for students to eat lunch).

^bSourced from school descriptor data from Market Data Retrieval (www.schooldata.com).

^cLocale is based on metro-centric locale designations made by the National Center for Education Statistics, based on each school’s physical address.

^dSize based on total student enrollment and varies by level: for elementary and middle school, small=≤300 students; medium=301 to 500 students; large=>500 students; for high school, small=≤350 students; medium=351 to 800 students; large=>800 students.

^eRegion is based on US census regions. West (AK, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY); Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI); Northeast (CT, ME, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT); South (AL, AR, DC, DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV).

^fIRR=incidence rate ratio.

^gRef=referent category.