Table 7.
Correlations Between All Analysis Variables
| Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gratification delay (54 months) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1. Continuous | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2. < 0.333 min | −.69 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. 0.333–2 min | −.47 | −.18 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4. 2–7 min | −.07 | −.19 | −.16 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5. 7 min | .90 | −.51 | −.43 | −.45 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related measures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6. Self–control (54 months) | .24 | −.15 | −.15 | −.03 | .24 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7. Attention (54 months) | .22 | −.18 | −.07 | −.08 | .24 | .15 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8. Impulsivity (54 months) | −.30 | .26 | .06 | .05 | −.28 | −.28 | −.26 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outcome measures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9. Achievement (Grade 1) | .31 | −.26 | −.08 | −.03 | .28 | .33 | .30 | −.27 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10. Achievement (age 15) | .30 | −.25 | −.09 | −.02 | .27 | .32 | .20 | −.23 | .64 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11. Behavior (Grade 1) | −.08 | .06 | .05 | −.02 | −.07 | −.30 | −.08 | .05 | −.09 | −.11 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12. Behavior (age 15) | −.06 | .08 | .01 | −.04 | −.04 | −.23 | −.06 | .06 | −.11 | −.13 | .55 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Background controls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 13. Male | −.05 | .06 | −.02 | .02 | −.05 | −.20 | −.01 | .23 | −.01 | .05 | −.00 | −.04 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14. Black | −.25 | .21 | .07 | .05 | −.24 | −.16 | −.12 | .20 | −.29 | −.33 | .06 | .00 | −.00 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15. Hispanic | −.03 | −.00 | .06 | −.02 | −.02 | −.04 | −.02 | .03 | −.05 | −.03 | .01 | .04 | .03 | −.08 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16. Other | −.04 | .00 | .03 | .04 | −.05 | −.00 | .02 | −.02 | .02 | .01 | −.01 | −.01 | −.03 | −.07 | −.05 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 17. Age | .03 | −.04 | .03 | −.02 | .02 | .03 | .06 | −.02 | .04 | −.05 | .03 | .04 | −.00 | .03 | .01 | −.04 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 18. Log of income | .30 | −.26 | −.08 | −.03 | .27 | .26 | .19 | −.19 | .37 | .40 | −.16 | −.17 | −.02 | −.36 | −.08 | −.01 | −.01 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 19. Mother’s age | .20 | −.18 | −.05 | −.00 | .18 | .18 | .12 | −.14 | .22 | .32 | −.18 | −.21 | −.04 | −.28 | −.10 | −.04 | −.04 | .54 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 20. Mother’s education (years) | .25 | −.19 | −.09 | −.04 | .24 | .27 | .16 | −.20 | .35 | .42 | −.13 | −.17 | −.04 | −.22 | −.11 | −.03 | −.00 | .61 | .52 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21. Mother’s PPVT score | .28 | −.22 | −.09 | −.08 | .28 | .29 | .12 | −.18 | .35 | .48 | −.10 | −.07 | −.01 | −.37 | −.11 | −.09 | −.03 | .49 | .46 | .57 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 22. Site 1 | −.04 | .02 | .00 | .06 | −.06 | −.06 | .06 | −.02 | .03 | −.14 | .09 | .07 | −.00 | .11 | −.07 | −.07 | −.03 | −.09 | −.09 | −.06 | −.10 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23. Site 2 | .00 | −.06 | .05 | .01 | .00 | .04 | .03 | −.03 | .06 | .10 | −.06 | −.07 | .00 | −.11 | .23 | −.01 | −.18 | .16 | .06 | .02 | .04 | −.10 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24. Site 3 | .07 | −.05 | −.03 | −.02 | .07 | −.04 | .02 | −.09 | −.04 | −.08 | .04 | .02 | −.02 | −.02 | .08 | −.03 | .10 | −.07 | −.05 | .02 | −.02 | −.10 | −.11 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 25. Site 4 | −.00 | .02 | −.01 | −.01 | −.00 | .02 | .04 | .09 | −.02 | .05 | −.07 | −.04 | .02 | −.05 | −.04 | .04 | .00 | .05 | .07 | −.04 | −.02 | −.10 | −.11 | −.11 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 26. Site 5 | −.06 | .02 | .06 | −.00 | −.06 | .02 | .03 | .01 | −.02 | −.05 | −.02 | −.02 | .02 | .13 | −.06 | −.02 | .22 | −.05 | .03 | .02 | −.01 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 27. Site 6 | .03 | −.01 | −.04 | −.01 | .04 | .06 | .04 | −.03 | .04 | .09 | −.07 | −.08 | −.02 | .11 | −.06 | −.01 | −.10 | .12 | .09 | .13 | .10 | −.10 | −.10 | −.11 | −.10 | −.11 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 28. Site 7 | −.05 | .04 | .00 | .01 | −.04 | −.02 | −.10 | .12 | −.05 | .02 | −.02 | −.03 | .02 | .01 | .00 | .02 | .14 | −.09 | −.07 | −.08 | −.01 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.12 | −.11 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 29. Site 8 | .06 | .00 | −.05 | −.09 | .09 | .10 | −.00 | −.08 | −.01 | .05 | −.02 | .05 | −.00 | −.05 | .00 | .11 | −.19 | .08 | .10 | .10 | .14 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.12 | −.11 | −.12 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 30. Site 9 | −.04 | −.00 | .04 | .04 | −.06 | −.07 | −.01 | .00 | .05 | .02 | .03 | .03 | .01 | −.05 | −.06 | −.05 | .04 | −.06 | −.08 | −.12 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.11 | −.12 | −.11 | −.12 | −.12 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| 31. Birth weight (g) | −.01 | .02 | .01 | −.06 | .02 | −.02 | .05 | −.01 | .11 | .10 | .02 | .09 | .12 | −.14 | .04 | −.07 | .01 | .04 | .05 | .07 | .13 | −.02 | .03 | −.06 | .04 | −.02 | −.03 | −.01 | .03 | .02 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| 32. BBCS | .28 | −.22 | −.10 | −.04 | .26 | .32 | .26 | −.29 | .54 | .50 | −.09 | −.10 | −.15 | −.32 | −.07 | −.02 | .01 | .45 | .32 | .42 | .40 | −.05 | .09 | .00 | .04 | .00 | .05 | −.14 | .05 | −.03 | .08 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| 33. Bayley MDI | .34 | −.27 | −.08 | −.06 | .31 | .29 | .24 | −.24 | .42 | .39 | −.08 | −.13 | −.17 | −.32 | −.08 | −.01 | −.02 | .40 | .23 | .36 | .34 | −.05 | .10 | −.02 | .11 | .02 | .02 | −.18 | −.06 | −.01 | .06 | .52 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 34. Temperament | −.08 | .11 | .00 | −.02 | −.06 | −.14 | −.04 | .08 | −.11 | −.12 | .12 | .15 | −.04 | .17 | −.01 | .05 | −.01 | −.19 | −.19 | −.13 | −.19 | .06 | −.08 | −.01 | −.01 | −.04 | .02 | .02 | .02 | .03 | −.04 | −.15 | −.12 | — | |||||||||||||||
| HOME controls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 35. Learning Materials | .29 | −.23 | −.11 | −.02 | .27 | .31 | .15 | −.23 | .38 | .40 | −.10 | −.11 | −.05 | −.39 | −.12 | −.08 | .03 | .49 | .35 | .48 | .47 | −.06 | −.09 | −.01 | −.04 | −.01 | .08 | −.04 | .00 | .05 | .07 | .47 | .43 | −.12 | — | ||||||||||||||
| 36. Language Stimulation | .21 | −.18 | −.05 | −.04 | .20 | .17 | .08 | −.14 | .25 | .21 | −.01 | −.06 | −.03 | −.11 | −.12 | −.11 | .01 | .27 | .12 | .24 | .24 | .06 | −.16 | −.15 | −.20 | .02 | .18 | .01 | .05 | .09 | .10 | .28 | .23 | −.04 | .51 | — | |||||||||||||
| 37. Physical Environment | .20 | −.13 | −.13 | .02 | .17 | .15 | .13 | −.12 | .23 | .21 | −.09 | −.08 | .01 | −.24 | .00 | .01 | −.03 | .28 | .18 | .23 | .19 | −.07 | −.06 | −.05 | .03 | .09 | .02 | −.25 | −.05 | .19 | .01 | .25 | .24 | −.08 | .41 | .28 | — | ||||||||||||
| 38. Responsivity | .19 | −.13 | −.08 | −.05 | .20 | .18 | .14 | −.12 | .19 | .17 | −.09 | −.07 | −.02 | −.22 | −.06 | −.07 | −.09 | .32 | .26 | .28 | .27 | −.11 | −.01 | −.06 | −.02 | −.11 | .30 | −.30 | .12 | .06 | .08 | .31 | .25 | −.11 | .38 | .38 | .26 | — | |||||||||||
| 39. Academic Stimulation | .21 | −.17 | −.06 | −.01 | .18 | .15 | .05 | −.15 | .23 | .20 | .00 | −.01 | −.03 | −.17 | −.09 | −.04 | .01 | .24 | .12 | .25 | .24 | −.01 | −.18 | −.06 | −.07 | .04 | .12 | −.11 | .05 | .09 | .08 | .33 | .26 | −.02 | .55 | .55 | .31 | .33 | — | ||||||||||
| 40. Modeling | .17 | −.11 | −.06 | −.05 | .16 | .17 | .10 | −.07 | .23 | .25 | −.07 | −.04 | −.05 | −.15 | −.06 | −.06 | −.05 | .31 | .23 | .33 | .29 | −.00 | .01 | −.09 | −.08 | −.00 | .15 | −.08 | .03 | −.06 | .07 | .24 | .24 | −.10 | .37 | .31 | .26 | .28 | .28 | — | |||||||||
| 41. Variety | .25 | −.15 | −.14 | −.04 | .24 | .22 | .12 | −.21 | .28 | .29 | −.10 | −.07 | −.03 | −.27 | −.09 | −.05 | .01 | .41 | .27 | .39 | .37 | .02 | −.14 | −.06 | −.04 | −.03 | .16 | −.09 | .07 | .08 | .04 | .36 | .37 | −.09 | .56 | .41 | .33 | .33 | .43 | .35 | — | ||||||||
| 42. Acceptance | .12 | −.07 | −.07 | −.04 | .13 | .21 | .13 | −.17 | .16 | .19 | −.16 | −.14 | −.05 | −.10 | −.01 | .00 | −.04 | .23 | .21 | .24 | .20 | −.10 | −.00 | −.06 | .01 | −.04 | .14 | .04 | .04 | −.14 | .05 | .22 | .19 | −.05 | .28 | .20 | .17 | .19 | .14 | .32 | .23 | — | |||||||
| 43. Responsivity-Empirical Scale | .20 | −.14 | −.08 | −.05 | .20 | .16 | .12 | −.10 | .20 | .16 | −.06 | −.05 | −.02 | −.18 | −.06 | −.04 | −.06 | .31 | .20 | .26 | .25 | .04 | −.03 | −.07 | −.03 | −.15 | .17 | −.12 | .08 | .02 | .04 | .24 | .19 | −.12 | .35 | .48 | .26 | .77 | .29 | .27 | .28 | .23 | — | ||||||
| 54-month controls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 44. Letter-Word ID (WJ-R) | .28 | −.22 | −.09 | −.03 | .25 | .29 | .25 | −.24 | .60 | .49 | −.07 | −.07 | −.10 | −.20 | −.08 | .05 | −.01 | .38 | .19 | .38 | .34 | −.02 | .01 | −.01 | .03 | −.01 | .10 | −.08 | .03 | −.05 | .07 | .61 | .40 | −.08 | .40 | .29 | .23 | .26 | .34 | .23 | .32 | .19 | .21 | — | |||||
| 45. Applied Problems (WJ-R) | .37 | −.28 | −.16 | −.01 | .33 | .35 | .32 | −.32 | .62 | .56 | −.04 | −.12 | −.10 | −.32 | −.07 | .01 | −.02 | .42 | .28 | .40 | .43 | −.08 | .03 | .01 | .07 | −.02 | .09 | −.08 | .04 | −.03 | .09 | .57 | .56 | −.13 | .43 | .24 | .27 | .25 | .25 | .18 | .31 | .22 | .21 | .58 | — | ||||
| 46. Picture Vocabulary (WJ-R) | .28 | −.21 | −.08 | −.09 | .28 | .25 | .22 | −.18 | .42 | .50 | −.09 | −.04 | .10 | −.33 | −.10 | −.01 | .02 | .42 | .32 | .40 | .48 | −.12 | .01 | .01 | .07 | −.01 | .05 | −.04 | .10 | −.03 | .12 | .46 | .44 | −.12 | .43 | .25 | .23 | .27 | .28 | .21 | .38 | .16 | .22 | .46 | .52 | — | |||
| 47. Memory for Sentences (WJ-R) | .29 | −.25 | −.09 | −.02 | .26 | .28 | .22 | −.21 | .42 | .43 | −.11 | −.09 | −.04 | −.18 | −.11 | .04 | .02 | .29 | .21 | .28 | .30 | −.08 | −.06 | −.06 | .07 | .08 | .06 | −.05 | .04 | .03 | .08 | .39 | .43 | −.08 | .31 | .20 | .19 | .17 | .22 | .14 | .30 | .15 | .13 | .42 | .47 | .46 | — | ||
| 48. Incomplete Words (WJ-R) | .23 | −.17 | −.08 | −.06 | .22 | .15 | .19 | −.17 | .39 | .34 | −.05 | −.12 | −.00 | −.18 | −.10 | .01 | .03 | .24 | .18 | .24 | .27 | −.07 | −.06 | −.04 | .02 | .05 | .04 | .00 | −.05 | .13 | .09 | .30 | .36 | −.10 | .30 | .24 | .23 | .16 | .22 | .14 | .27 | .11 | .16 | .36 | .45 | .37 | .49 | — | |
| 49. Internalizing (CBCL) | −.04 | .04 | .02 | −.00 | −.04 | −.17 | −.05 | .08 | −.07 | −.08 | .53 | .38 | .03 | .04 | −.01 | .03 | .09 | −.06 | −.09 | −.10 | −.10 | .01 | −.04 | −.02 | .03 | .05 | −.05 | .01 | −.02 | −.03 | .04 | −.03 | −.03 | .14 | −.07 | −.04 | −.02 | −.04 | .02 | −.04 | −.07 | −.07 | −.06 | −.01 | −.04 | −.08 | −.06 | −.04 | — |
| 50. Externalizing (CBCL) | −.10 | .07 | .07 | −.02 | −.09 | −.39 | −.07 | .09 | −.10 | −.12 | .63 | .47 | −.08 | .05 | .01 | −.00 | .01 | −.12 | −.13 | −.13 | −.11 | .04 | .01 | .03 | −.03 | .01 | −.03 | −.01 | −.06 | .01 | .04 | −.11 | −.05 | .12 | −.12 | −.06 | −.09 | −.10 | −.07 | −.11 | −.11 | −.14 | −.11 | −.04 | −.05 | −.09 | −.10 | −.05 | .58 |
Note: n = 918. All nonmissing cases for each pairwise correlation were included. The Supplemental Material presents correlations for all variables shown separately by mother’s education. BBCS = Bracken Basic Concept Scale; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; HOME = Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment; MDI = Mental Development Index; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; WJ-R = Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery Revised.