TABLE. Effect Sizes^a and Implementation Issues for High-Income Countries.

Intervention	Short Runb			Long Runc			Comments
	Best	Lower	Upper	Best	Lower	Upper
Tax increase by 50% of current price with no value-added tax	−9.0%	−6.75%	−11.25%	−18.0%	−13.5%	−22.5%	Tax may be implemented as specific or ad valorem tax. Price per pack of cigarettes is expected to increase on average by the amount of the specific tax and less with an ad valorem tax. Ad valorem taxes tend to increase price dispersion, which may be reduced by laws that set a minimum price. The effects may be eroded by smuggling or price inflation.
Comprehensive smoke-free air laws, including all indoor worksites, restaurants, and bars	−10.0%	−5.0%	−15.0%	−12.5%	−7.0%	−19.0%	Effectiveness may be reduced if private worksites have already implemented smoke-free restrictions, if partial restrictions are already in place, or if compliance with law is weak (eg, due to lack of antitobacco norms or lack of enforcement).
Media campaigns implemented at a high level	−8.0%	−4.0%	−12.0%	−10.0%	−6.0%	−14.0%	Effectiveness depends on whether the mass media campaign is well-tested, implemented on multiple media platforms, of sufficient scale, and sustained over time. The effectiveness of a media campaign may be enhanced if implemented alongside other interventions that increase the visibility and reach of the campaign.
Comprehensive programs, including media, other educational and cessation programs	−8.0%	−4.0%	−12.0%	−12.0%	−6.0%	−18.0%	Effectiveness may depend on how funds are implemented (eg, between media campaigns, cessation treatment, and local campaigns), and may be less if campaigns have been previously implemented, are not of sufficient scale, or if campaigns are not sustained over time.
Health warnings: large, bold, rotating, and graphic	−5.0%	−2.0%	−8.0%	−10.0%	−5.0%	−15.0%	Effectiveness depends on previous text warnings. Plain packaging and media campaigns may further enhance the effectiveness of health warnings.
Marketing restrictions with direct bans on all advertising	−4.0%	−2.0%	−6.0%	−6.0%	−3.0%	−9.0%	Effect sizes are based on empirical studies of TV, radio, print, and point-of-sale tobacco advertising. Online advertising and indirect marketing efforts may offset these effects.
Complete cessation policies include financial coverage of treatments, quit lines, and health care provider interventions	−5.5%	−2.75%	−8.25%	−11.0%	−5.5%	−18.75%	Cessation treatment policies primarily increase quit success and may act synergistically with other policies that act primarily to increase quit attempts. Media campaigns may be needed to publicize cessation programs.
Financial coverage of treatments alone, especially pharmacotherapies	−2.0%	−0.8%	−3.25%	−4.0%	−2.0%	−6.0%	Effective unless the intervention is well publicized and enforced.
Active quit lines alone	−0.8%	−0.25%	−1.25%	−1.5%	−0.75%	−2.25%	Effectiveness depends on the quit line being publicized and may be increased substantially with the provision of no-cost pharmacotherapy.
Health care provider interventions alone	−1.6%	−0.8%	−2.4%	−3.2%	−1.6%	−4.8%	Effectiveness depends on the percentage of smokers visiting health care providers each year and the percentage of providers who provide comprehensive interventions (eg, through enforcement or effective monitoring).

^aEffects sizes are in terms of the percentage reduction in smoking prevalence.

^bShort term is a 5-year horizon.

^cLong term is a 40-year horizon.