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. 2018 Jul 17;8:10814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29144-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The major metabolic pathways for ceramide synthesis are enhanced in biliary tract cancer compared with normal biliary tract tissue. (a) Total SM levels in biliary tract cancer (n = 15) and normal biliary tract tissue (n = 17) were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. (b) The gene expression levels of SMPD2, SMPD3, SMPD4 and SGMS2 in TCGA cohort (36 and 9 samples of cancer and non-cancer tissue in cholangiocarcinoma cohort) were analyzed. (c) Total HexCer levels in biliary tract cancer (n = 15) and normal biliary tract tissue (n = 17) were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. (d) The gene expression levels of GBA, GBA2 and UGCG in TCGA cohort (36 and 9 samples of cancer and non-cancer tissue in cholangiocarcinoma cohort) were analyzed. (e) Total DHCer levels in biliary tract cancer (n = 15) and normal biliary tract tissue (n = 17) were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. (f) The gene expression levels of DEGS1, DEGS2, ORMDL1, ORMDL2 and ORMDL3 in TCGA cohort (36 and 9 samples of cancer and non-cancer tissue in cholangiocarcinoma cohort) were analyzed. Mean values are shown by the horizontal lines. Two-sided P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U test). N: normal biliary tract tissue; C: biliary tract cancer tissue.