Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants in included studies.
| Study | Diagnosis | N (gender) | Mean age | Ilness duration | Mean PANSS score | In/out patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia studies | ||||||
|
Falkai et al., 2013 |
ICD-10 and a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Exercise group N = 8 (0 female) |
32.9 ± 10.6 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 68.1 ± 17.6 | Out |
| Control group N = 8 (0 female) |
37.4 ± 8.1 | 65.9 ± 13.9 | ||||
| Healthy control group N = 8 (0 female) |
34,8 ± 10.2 | |||||
|
Lin et al., 2015a |
DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorders, psychosis or NOS |
Exercise group N = 17 (17 female) |
24.6 ± 7.9 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 46.4 ± 15.9 | Out |
| Yoga group N = 20 (20 female) |
23.8 ± 6.8 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 47.5 ± 15.4 | |||
| Control group N = 13 (13 female) |
25.3 ± 8.1 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 45.9 ± 15.3 | |||
|
Lin et al., 2017a |
DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorders, psychosis or NOS |
Exercise group N = 23 (23 female) |
24.6 ± 7.9 | 2.4 ± 2.0 | 46.4 ± 15.9 | |
| Yoga group N = 23 (23 female) |
23.8 ± 6.8 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 47.5 ± 15.4 | |||
| Control group N = 12 (12 female) |
25.3 ± 8.1 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 45.9 ± 15.3 | |||
|
Malchow et al., 2015 |
ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Schizophrenia exercise group N = 20 (6 female) |
36.3 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | 31.8 ± 18.8 | In/out |
| Healthy exercise group N = 21 (6 female) |
37.4 | |||||
| Schizophrenia table soccer group N = 19 (7 female) |
35.3 | 11.1 ± 10.8 | 40.4 ± 14.6 | |||
|
Pajonk et al., 2010 |
ICD-10 and a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Exercise group N = 8 (0 female) |
32.9 ± 10.6 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 68.1 ± 17.6 | Out |
| Control group N = 8 (0 female) |
37.4 ± 8.1 | 12.5 ± 4.5 | 65.9 ± 13.9 | |||
| Healthy control group N = 8 (0 female) |
34,8 ± 10.2 | |||||
|
Scheewe et al., 2013 |
DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Schizophrenia exercise group N = 18 (4 female) |
28.5 ± 7.3 | 6.0 ± 5.7 | 61.4 ± 11.2 | |
| Healthy exercise group N = 25 (7 female) |
29.5 ± 8.3 | |||||
| Schizophrenia control group N = 14 (2 female) |
31.1 ± 8.0 | 7.9 ± 5.0 | 59.0 ± 10.2 | |||
| Healthy control group N = 27 (9 female) |
28.4 ± 7.0 | In/out | ||||
|
Svatkova et al., 2015 |
DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Schizophrenia exercise group N = 16 (3 female) |
28.8 ± 7.4 | 6.4 ± 5.9 | 62.3 ± 13.2 | In/out |
| Healthy exercise group N = 24 (7 female) |
28.8 ± 7.9 | |||||
| Schizophrenia control group N = 17 (3 female) |
31.3 ± 8.2 | 8.5 ± 6.0 | 60.3 ± 10.1 | |||
| Healthy control group N = 24 (8 female) |
27.7 ± 6.4 | |||||
|
Takahashi et al., 2012 |
DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia |
Exercise group N = 13 (6 female) |
43.5 ± 11.8 | 22.1 (± 15.0) | 37.4 (± 6.7) | In |
| Control group N = 10 (5 female) |
39.9 ± 13.6 | 14.8 (±11.7) | 35.4 (±3.1) | |||
| Rosenbaum et al., 2015 | DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder |
Exercise group N = 5 (0 female) |
20.2 ± 4.2 | < 3 year | No PANSS reported | Out |
| Healthy individual studies | ||||||
| Pereira et al., 2007 | Experimental group N = 11 (9 female) |
33 (ranging from 21 to 45) | ||||
|
Tao et al., 2016 |
Tai Chi Chuan group N = 21 (13 female) |
62.38 ± 4.55 | ||||
| Baduanjin group N = 16 (10 female) |
62.18 ± 3.79 | |||||
| Control group N = 25 (19 female) |
59.76 ± 4.83 | |||||
|
Tao et al., 2017 |
Tai Chi Chuan group N = 21 (13 female) |
62.38 ± 4.55 | ||||
| Baduanjin group N = 15 (9 female) |
62.33 ± 3.88 | |||||
| Control group N = 25 (19 female) |
59.76 ± 4.83 | |||||
|
Tozzi et al., 2016 |
Experimental group N = 19 (11 female) |
45.11 ± 13.38 | ||||
| Control group N = 19 (14 female) |
42.89 ± 13.82 | |||||
|
Wagner et al., 2015 |
Experimental group N = 17 (0 female) |
25.0 ± 3.3 | ||||
| Control group N = 17 (0 female) |
23.7 ± 1.7 | |||||
| Wagner et al., 2017 | Experimental group N = 17 (0 female) |
25.0 ± 3.3 | ||||
| Control group N = 17 (0 female) |
23.7 ± 1.7 | |||||
a
Lin et al. (2015) and Lin et al. (2017) reported Mean age, Ilness duration and Mean PANSS score of the whole group of participants, not for the specific sample which could be included per MRI-analysis.