Table 5.

Within-group and between-group effects among math intervention and control groups in calculation fluency across the time periods and tasks.

Math and reading groups		WS effects		WS contrast Time∗Group
		Time	Time∗Group	Baseline	Intervention	Follow-up
Forced fact retrieval	F (df)	3.97(1.82, 235.1)b,c	31.84 (1.7, 235.1)b	NA	55.84 (1, 127)	1.54 (1, 127)
	sig.	0.02	p < 0.001	NA	p < 0.001	0.22
	${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$	0.03	0.20	NA	0.31	0.01
Addition fluency (2 min)	F (df)	1.83 (2.66, 343.52)b,c	4.03 (2.66, 343.52)b	0.93 (1, 129)	7.04 (1, 129)	8.71 (1, 129)
	sig.	0.14	0.01	0.34	0.01	0.01
	${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.05	0.06
Arithmetic fluency (3 min)	F (df)	1.05 (2, 264)c	5.16 (2, 264)	NA	8.96 (1, 132)	0.14 (1, 143)
	sig.	0.35	0.01	NA	0.01	0.71
	${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$	0.01	0.04	NA	0.06	0.01
Math and classmates groups		WS effects		WS contrast Time∗Group
		Time	Time∗Group	Baseline	Intervention	Follow-up
Addition fluency (2 min)	F (df)	93.07 (2.1, 236.1)a	4.28 (2.1, 236.1)a	2.92 (1, 112)	1.0 (1, 112)	1.0 (1, 112)
	sig.	0.00	0.01	0.09	0.04	0.00
	${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$	0.45	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.11
Arithmetic fluency (3 min)	F (df)	57.64 (2, 234)	0.29 (2, 234)
	sig.	.00	0.75
	${\text{η}}_{\text{p}}^2$	0.33	0.00

^aGreenhouse-Geisser; ^bHuynh-Feldt; ^cAge and gender as covariate.