Table 2.
Trends in annual percentage change in death rates due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, 1999-2016, USA
| Years of similar trend (joinpoints) by variables | Annual percentage change (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Cirrhosis | ||
| Overall: | ||
| 1999-2008 | −0.5 (−0.9 to −0.1) | 0.02 |
| 2008-16 | 3.4 (3.1 to 3.8) | <0.001 |
| Sex: | ||
| Women | ||
| 1999-2008 | −0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) | 0.2 |
| 2008-16 | 3.6 (3.1 to 4.2) | <0.001 |
| Men | ||
| 1999-2009 | −0.7 (−1.1 to −0.3) | 0.003 |
| 2009-16 | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Race: | ||
| Native American | ||
| 1999-2010 | −0.3 (−1.2 to 0.5) | 0.4 |
| 2010-16 | 4.0 (2.2 to 5.7) | 0.002 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 0.2 | |
| 1999-2016 | 0.3 (−0.2 to 0.7) | |
| African American | ||
| 1999-2008 | −3.6 (−4.3 to −3.9) | <0.001 |
| 2008-16 | 1.7 (0.9 to 2.4) | 0.003 |
| White American | ||
| 1999-2008 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.3) | 0.7 |
| 2009-16 | 3.3 (2.8 to 3.7) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic American | ||
| 1999-2007 | −1.7 (−2.3 to −1.0) | <0.001 |
| 2008-16 | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.7) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic American | ||
| 1999-2008 | −0.5 (−0.9 to −0.1) | 0.02 |
| 2009-16 | 3.0 (2.5 to 3.4) | <0.001 |
| Region of residence: | ||
| North east | ||
| 1999-2007 | −2.2 (−2.8 to −1.6) | <0.001 |
| 2007-16 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.1) | <0.001 |
| Midwest | ||
| 1999-2008 | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) | 0.01 |
| 2008-16 | 3.1 (2.7 to 3.4) | <0.001 |
| South | ||
| 1999-2009 | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.3) | 0.4 |
| 2009-16 | 3.5 (2.8 to 4.2) | <0.001 |
| West | ||
| 1999-2008 | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.6) | 0.8 |
| 2008-16 | 3.0 (2.3 to 3.6) | <0.001 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | ||
| Overall: | ||
| 1999-2016 | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.3) | <0.001 |
| Sex: | ||
| Women | ||
| 1999-2016 | 1.3 (1.9 to 1.7) | <0.001 |
| Men | ||
| 1999-2010 | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.1) | <0.001 |
| 2010-16 | 1.3 (0.4 to 2.3) | 0.02 |
| Race: | ||
| Native American | ||
| 1999-2016 | 2.3 (1.1 to 3.5) | 0.007 |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | ||
| 1999-2016 | −2.7 (−3.3 to −2.2) | <0.001 |
| African American | ||
| 1999-2016 | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) | <0.001 |
| White American | ||
| 1999-2016 | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.8) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic American | ||
| 1999-2016 | 0.7 (0.02 to 1.2) | 0.009 |
| Non-Hispanic American | ||
| 1999-2006 | 2.0 (1.3 to 2.7) | <0.001 |
| 2006-10 | 3.3 (1.1 to 5.6) | 0.01 |
| 2010-14 | 0.5 (−1.5 to 2.6) | 0.5 |
| 2014-16 | 3.7 (−0.2 to 7.7) | 0.1 |
| Region of residence: | ||
| North east | ||
| 1999-2010 | 2.5 (1.6 to 3.4) | 0.002 |
| 2010-15 | 0.7 (−0.2 to 1.6) | 0.1 |
| Midwest | ||
| 1999-2015 | 2.5 (2.3 to 2.7) | <0.001 |
| South | ||
| 1999-2015 | 2.3 (1.9 to 2.8) | <0.001 |
| West | ||
| 1999-2015 | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) | <0.001 |
Years included are chosen based on similarities in the annual rate of change. For example, if the whole study period (1999-2016) was included, it is because there are no periods of three years or more in which the rate of change was statistically significantly different