Table 1.

Basic information of the three villages studied

	Myin Ka	Pin-sein-pin	Eden
Establishment	Before late nineteenth century (Moved from nearby old village, one mile away).	Early nineteenth century	1990
Location	N: 20°34′54.3″, E: 96°34′52.7″	N: 20°58′54.3″, E: 96°37′54.9″	N: 19°55′31.9″, E: 96°25′58.1″
Above sea level	1422 m	1736 m	353 m
Habitat	Evergreen forest	Evergreen forest	Deciduous forest
Linear distance to the nearest town	10 km to Kalaw, Shan State	8 km to Pindaya, Shan State	40 km to Tatkone, Mandalay Division
Population/Households	563/140	535/127	410/68
Ethnic Group	Majority: Taung-yoe, Danu Minority: Bamar, Shan	Majority: Danu Minority: Bamar, Pao	Majority: Kayan Minority: Kayin, Bamar
Religion	Buddhism	Buddhism	Christian and Buddhism
Public Facility	One library, one primary school, one buddhist monastery	One primary school, one library, one kindergarten	One middle school, one church, one monastery, one kindergarten
Subsistence	Rice cultivation (ca. 60 acres) Cultivation of vegetables and fruits: ginger, cabbage, cauliflower, egg plants, tomato, chili, chayote, carrot, orange, avocado, pear (ca 150 acres)	Plantation of tea leaves, Ju, pea, cabbage, potato	Cultivation of turmeric, chili, banana, hill rice Collection of bamboo shoots and other forest products
Home garden products	Ginger, orange, avocado, pear	Tea leaves	Mango, banana, jack fruit
Live stock	Buffalo, chicken, cattle, pig	Cattle, chicken	Pig, chicken
Drinking water	Natural springs (connected with pipe line)	Collection of rain water with collection tanks	Natural springs (connected with pipe line)
Electricity	From national grid	No electric supply	Small hydropower generators constructed on the stream