Table 2.
List of identified wild edible plants used by villagers in this study
| Taxon | Villagea and vernacular name | Use | Voucher number (Collection sitea) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amaranthaceae | |||
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. | M, P: Shwe-kana-phot, Ka-na-phot | Food and Medicine: shoot for salad, consumed for body swollen | TS0366 (P) |
| Amaranthus viridis L. | M: Hin-nu-nwe | Food: tender leaves as vegetable | TS0020 (M) |
| Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott | M: Ta-byat-se | Food: shoots and tender leaves as vegetable | TS0019 (M) |
| Anacardiaceae | |||
| Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. | E: Taw-tha-yat | Food and Construction: fresh fruits pounded as salad with other ingredients, sliced fresh fruits for sour taste | TS0809 (E) |
| Annonaceae | |||
| Annona cherimola Mill. | M, P: Aw-le | Food: fruits edible | TS0043 (M) |
| Apiaceae | |||
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | E, M, P: Myin-kwar | Food and Medicine: tender leaves as salad, paste of leaves prepared lotion for sore throat, cold infusion of leaves as eye drop | TS0165, TS0293 (M) |
| Oenanthe cf. javanica (Blume) DC. | M: Za-lae | Food: tender leaves as salad, cooked as traditional curry | TS0138, TS0166 (M) |
| Apocynaceae | |||
| Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. | E, M, P: Gwe-tauk | Food and Medicine: tender leaves for soup with chicken, consumed food as medicine for alcohol dependence | TS0190 (M) |
| Araceae | |||
| Amorphophallus cf. muelleri Blume | E, M, P: Wa-u | Food: stem and bulb as vegetable: young stem cooked as vegetable, bulb boiled and grounded to make konjac (Wa-u) | TS0728/1 (E) |
| Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f. | E, M, P: Wa-u | Food: stem and bulb as vegetable: young stem cooked as vegetable, bulb boiled and grounded to make konjac (Wa-u) | Thant Shin (abbreviate as TS hereafter) 0618 (P) |
| Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott | M, P: Wa-u-pho | Food and Medicine: stem and bulb as vegetables, bulb boiled and eaten for constipation | TS0284 (M); TS0599 (P) |
| Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | E: Pain-ga-nan; M, P: Pai | Food and Medicine: petiole fermented, petiole as vegetable, petiole prepared soup with Kin-pun-chin, Sue-pote and Zayit; sap used externally for allergy caused by insects | TS 0040, S0137, TS0277 (M) |
| Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites | E, M: Za-yit | Food: tender shoot cooked as soup, cooked with fish, boiled shoot as salad with fish paste | TS0757 (E) |
| Araliaceae | |||
| Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze | P: Tha-yat-kin, Ka-la-kin | Food, Construction, Fuelwood and Medicine: shoot as vegetable dish and salad, food consumed for retention of gasses in bowel | TS0590, TS0619, TS0645 (P) |
| Asteraceae | |||
| Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff | P: Hlan-kwa | Food: shoot as vegetable | TS0563 (P) |
| Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. ex Jacq.) S.Moore | E: Nu-su; P: Taw-bi-zat | Food: shoot as vegetable, tender leaves for salad | TS00684 (P); TS0776 (E) |
| Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze | M: Sein-zar-myat-lone | Food and Medicine: shoots and tender leaves for soup, food consumed as medicine at postpartum period for mother | TS0038 (M) |
| Laggera alata Nanth. | M, P: La-thar-ba-pyin | Food and Medicine: shoots fried with eggs, good for swollen body, the whole plant as wristband for back pain, leaves extract used over knife injuries | TS0078 (M) |
| Bignoniaceae | |||
| Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem. | E: Ma-lwa | Food and Construction: boiled flower as salad with fish paste, fried as vegetable | TS0735 (E) |
| Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz | E, M, P: Kyaung-shar | Food and Medicine: flowers and fruits for vegetable dish, fruits as salad, farmented fruit, boiled and pounded fruits as salad with other ingredients, young leaves prepared salad, and consumed orally for tinnitus | TS0105 (M); TS0743 (E) |
| Burseraceae | |||
| Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl. | E: Kadi | Food and Construction: fruits eaten fresh | TS0704 (E) |
| Celastraceae | |||
| Celastrus paniculatus Willd. | M, P: Taung-bort-lu-lin | Food and Medicine: tender leaves prepared for soup, diet food for healthy life | TS0230 (M) |
| Combretaceae | |||
| Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | E, M, P: Thit-seint | Food: seeds eaten fresh | TS0702 (E) |
| Costaceae | |||
| Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht | E, M: Pha-lan-taung-hwa | Food and Medicine: shoot fried with vegetable oil and other ingredients, cooked for soup, cooked with bamboo shoot and meat, decotion of whole plant taken orally for dysentery | TS0037 (M); TS0732 (E) |
| Cucurbitaceae | |||
| Marah macrocarpa (Greene) Greene | M: Kin-mon-tee | Food: fruits as vegetable | TS0094 (M) |
| Momordica subangulata Blume | M: Taw-hin-khar | Food and Medicine: fruits and leaves as vegetable, consumed as appetizer | TS0114, TS0276 (M) |
| Ebenaceae | |||
| Diospyros kaki L.f. | M: Tae, Tel; P: Tel | Food: ripe fruits edible | TS0142 (M) |
| Elaeagnaceae | |||
| Elaeagnus griffithii Servettaz | P: Mat-lwat, Myat-lu | Food: ripe fruits edible | TS0359, TS0480 (P) |
| Elaeocarpaceae | |||
| Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume | M: Sein-sar-blue-pan | Food and Fuellwood: seeds used to extract edible oil, seed edible | TS0183 (M) |
| Elaeocarpus stipularis var. siamensis (Craib) Coode. | M: Sein-se-ba-lu | Food: ripe fruits edible | TS034 (M) |
| Fabaceae | |||
| Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC. | E, M; Kin-mon-chin | Food and Shampoo: decoction of fruits for shampoo, tender leaves prepared soup with bean, prepared salad, fried with fish paste | TS0139 (M) |
| Acacia pennata subsp. kerrii I.C.Nielsen | E: Sue-pote, Sue-pote-kyi; M, P: Sue-pote | Food: tender leaves cooked as soup, cooked with fish, cook with meat, fried with egg, vegetable dish | TS0736 (E) |
| Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C.Nielsen | E, M, P: Da-nyin | Food: boiled seeds | TS0710, TS0811 (E) |
| Bauhinia purpurea L. | E: Swe-daw; P: Kha-lat | Food: tender leaves as soup with potato | TS0419 (P); TS0856 (E) |
| Bauhinia variegata L. | P: Kha-la | Food: leaves as salad. Seed edible as pulses | TS0629 (P) |
| Fagaceae | |||
| Lithocarpus lindleyanus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.Camus | M: Thit-al-sein | Food and Constructiion: roasted seed edible | TS0240 (M) |
| Lamiaceae | |||
| Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. | M: Yin-byar; P: Hin-byar, Hin-khar | Food and Medicine: tender leaves and flowers as vegetable and salad, young leaves consumed as salad for retention of gasses in bowel, and diarrhea, cream of rhizome used as lotion on abdomen for retention of gasses in bowel, roots fermented together with jaggery and consumed orally for loss of sleep | TS0005, TS0082, TS0209, TS0279 (M); TS0387, TS00494, TS0591, TS0606 (P) |
| Lauraceae | |||
| Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm. | P: Thit-kya-poe | Food and Medicine: leaf for spice in traditional curry, dry bark powder consumed orally as blood tonic, dry leaf powder used as inhalant at postpartum period for mother | TS0678 (P) |
| Laurus cf. nobilis L. | M, P: Lae-lu | Food: leaves for spices | TS0483 (P) |
| Lythraceae | |||
| Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. | E: Ga-zaw | Food and Construction: fruits edible | TS00716 (E) |
| Melastomataceae | |||
| Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. | P: Shar-pyar-tee | Food: fruits edible | TS00631(P) |
| Moraceae | |||
| Ficus auriculata Lour. | M: Ka-ohn, Kaung-oat-tee, Tha-phan; P: Pha-owl | Food: ripe fruits edible | TS0042, TS0110, TS0182 (M); TS0461(P) |
| Ficus racemosa L. | E, M, P: Tha-phan | Food: ripe fruit edible, fresh fruits soaked in salty water, pounded leaves as paste, tender leaves as salad, leaves cooked with potato | TS00148 (M) |
| Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | E, M, P: Ka-dut; P: Tha-phan | Food and Fuelwood: ripe fruit edible, fresh fruits fermented for food, tender leaves for soup | TS0071, TS00131, TS00172 (M); TS0474 (P); TS0788 (E) |
| Ficus virens Aiton | M, P: Nyaung-chin | Food: leaves and shoots for soup and salad | TS0140 (M) |
| Maclura fruticosa (Roxb.) Corner | P: Sue-sein | Food: shoot as vegetable for soup and salad | TS0478 (P) |
| Myricaceae | |||
| Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | M: Kata-pho | Food: ripe fruits edible | TS0058, TS0109, TS0180 (M) |
| Myrtaceae | |||
| Psidium guajava L. | E: Mar-la-kar | Food: fruits eaten fresh | TS0760 (E) |
| Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | E, M, P: Tha-pyay | Food and Construction: ripe fruits edible | TS0215 (M) |
| Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.Cowan & Cowan | E, M, P: Tha-pyay | Food and Construction: ripe fruits edible | TS0253 (M) |
| Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M.Perry | E, M, P: Tha-pyay | Food, Construction and Fuelwood: ripe fruits edible | TS0104 (M); TS0615 (P) |
| Oleaceae | |||
| Anacolosa clarkii Pierre | M: Tay-pin | Food: fruits edible | TS0259 (M) |
| Oxalidaceae | |||
| Oxalis latifolia Kunth | M: Mu-chin | Food: children eat all parts of plants | TS0024 (M) |
| Phyllanthaceae | |||
| Antidesma acidum Retz. | E: Kim-ma-lin | Food: fruits and leaves as vegetable | TS0795 (E) |
| Bischofia javanica Blume | M: Yae-pa-done | Food: shoots for salad, young leaves as vegetable | TS0041, TS0074 (M) |
| Phyllanthus emblica L. | E: Zepyu; M: Se-sar; P: Se-shar | Food, Fuelwood and Medicine: fruits pounded as salad, boiled fruits pounded and prepared salad, consumed as food for hypertension, fruits eaten fresh for over bleeding, fruits roasted and consumed as food for cough | TS0033, TS0052, TS00213, TS0185, TS00280 (M); TS0351, TS0670 (P); TS0806 (E) |
| Plantaginaceae | |||
| Plantago major L. | M: A kyaw-baung-tha-thaung | Food and Medicine: tender leaf for salad, leaf heated on fire to become wilted, and touch on abscess and boils, paste of leaves used as bandage for broken legs, young leaves prepared as salad, consumed as food for toxemia and hypertension; paste of entire plant used over abscess | TS0089 (M) |
| Primulaceae | |||
| Embelia ribes Burm.f. | M, P: Kan-pa-lar | Food: leaves as salad and soup, tender leaves and buds boiled and eaten with fish sauce | TS0175 (M) |
| Rhamnaceae | |||
| Ziziphus incurva Roxb. | P: Sue-kauk | Food: fruits edible | TS0688 (P) |
| Rosaceae | |||
| Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne. | M, P: Pin-sein | Food and Fuelwood: fruits eaten fresh, cooked as soup, pounded with chili as side dish | TS0032, TS0133, TS0168, TS0204 (M); TS0399, TS0429, TS0513, TS 0588, TS0638 (P) |
| Rubiaceae | |||
| Coffea arabica L. | P: Coffee | Food: roasted seed for coffee | TS0519 (P) |
| Wendlandia budleioides Wall. ex Wight & Arn. | M, P: Thit-ne | Food and Construction: tender leaves for salad | TS0085 (M) |
| Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC. | M, P: Thit-ni | Food and Fuelwood: tender leaves as vegetable | TS0176 (M) |
| Rutaceae | |||
| Casimiroa cf. edulis La Llave | M, P: Tha-gyar-tee | Food: fruits edible | TS0044 (M) |
| Clausena excavata Burm.f. | M: Pyin-thaw-sein | Food: tender leaves as raw salad | TS0069 (M) |
| Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. | P: Pyin-taw-thein | Food: tender leaves as raw salad | TS0543 (P) |
| Zanthoxylum armatum DC. | M: Mike-cup | Food: tender leaves ingredient to beef curry | TS0030 (M) |
| Salicaceae | |||
| Casearia graveolens Dalzell | E: Phan-khar | Food and Construction: fruits eaten fresh | TS0801(E) |
| Sapindaceae | |||
| Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill | E: Del-cline | Food: fruits edible | TS0765 (E) |
| Dimocarpus fumatus (Blume) Leenh. | E: Taw-kyat-mauk | Food: fipe fruits edible | TS0803 (E) |
| Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz | E: Gwe | Food: fruits eaten fresh | TS0812 (E) |
| Schoepfiaceae | |||
| Schoepfia fragrans Wall. | P: Byauk-ole-kyi | Food: fruits edible | TS0610 (P) |
| Smilacaceae | |||
| Smilax gagnepainii T.Koyama | M: Sue-yit-sein; P: Sue-yit | Food: shoots fried as vegetable, cooked soup, green salad | TS0617 (P) |
| Solanaceae | |||
| Physalis angulata L. | E: no name | Food: fruits eaten fresh | TS0756 (E) |
| Physalis pubescens L. | P: Taw-kha-yan-chin | Food: fruits eaten fresh | TS0477 (P) |
| Solanum torvum Sw. | E, M: Kha-yan-ka-zot; P: Ka-zot | Food: fruits as vegetable | TS0186 (M); TS0737 (E) |
| Theaceae | |||
| Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.) Melch. | M, P: Taw-la-phat | Food: tender leaves for salad | TS0112 (M); TS0339 (P) |
| Schima wallichii Choisy | M: Thit-yar | Food and Constructiion: shoots as vegetable | TS0086 (M) |
| Urticaceae | |||
| Dendrocnide basirotunda (C.Y.Wu) Chew | E: Tha-phan | Food: ripe fruits edible | TS0780 (E) |
| Vitaceae | |||
| Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. | E: no name; M: Pait-chin | Food: shoot as vegetable | TS0226 (M); TS0805 (E) |
| Zingiberaceae | |||
| Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt | M: Gon-min | Food: pith as vegetable | TS0278 (M) |
| Curcuma cf. amada Roxb | M: Ba-thae-kaw | Food and Medicine: dry powder of rhizome consumed orally for flatulence, pounded fresh rhizome as spice in traditional curry, rhizome sliced and dry and made powder, and used as spice in curry | TS0068 (M); TS0727 (E) |
| Curcuma aromatica Salisb. | M: Mar-lar-pu | Food and Medicine: buds as vegetable, paste of rhizome used externally over injury | TS0210/1 (M) |
a: E, Eden; M, Myin Ka; P, Pin-sein-pin