Table 1.
Lifespan and rate of aging comparisons between females and males in mammals, birds or insects
| Lifespan | Rate of aging | References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | Female | Male | ||||
| Mammals | |||||||
| Primates | Sifaka | Propithecus verreauxi | 24 | 20 | 0.0991 | 0.186 | [118]a,b |
| Northern Muriqui | Brachyteles hypoxanthus | 27 | 27 | 0.129 | 0.148 | [118]a,b | |
| Capuchin | Cebus capucinus | 20 | 13 | 0.165 | 0.294 | [118]a,b | |
| Yellow Baboon | Papio cynocephalus | 28 | 23 | 0.123 | 0.213 | [118]a,b | |
| Chimpanzee | Pan troglodytes | 39 | 41 | 0.0992 | 0.137 | [118]a,b | |
| Gorilla | Gorilla beringei | 39 | 35 | 0.211 | 0.182 | [118]a,b | |
| Mandrill | Mandrillus sphinx | 22.23 | 12.70 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Rhesus macaque | Macaca mulatta | 9.44 | 5.51 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Japanese macaque | Macaca fuscata | 7.33 | 4.30 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Gelada | Theropithecus gelada | 9.62 | 7.60 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Carnivora | Ringed seal | Phoca hispida | 37 | 40 | 0.056 | 0.057 | [119]a,c |
| African wild dog | Lycaon pictus | 3.29 | 3.66 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Southern elephant seal | Mirounga leonina | 4.18 | 3.12 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Rodentia | Black-tailed prairie dog | Cynomys ludovicianus | 2.80 | 1.74 | – | – | [35]d |
| North American beaver | Castor canadensis | 2.93 | 2.75 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Perrisodactyla | Burchell’s zebra | Equus burchelli | 49 | 55 | 0.106 | 0.094 | [119]a,c |
| Artiodactyla | Impala | Aepyceros melampus | 6 | 6 | – | – | [37]e |
| Gaur | Bos gaurus | 11 | 6 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Wild goat | Capra aegagrus | 3.75 | 2.5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Alpine ibex | Capra ibex | 12 | 12.5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Iberian ibex | Capra pyrenaica | 6 | 5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Wildebeeste | Connochaetes taurinus | 5.5 | 5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Topi | Damaliscus lunatus | 3.5 | 3.5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Topi | Damaliscus lunatus | 6 | 6 | 0.326 | 0.311 | [119]a,c | |
| Defassa Waterbuck | Kobus defassa | 8 | 8 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Lechwe | Kobus leche | 6 | 6 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Mountain goat | Oreamnos americanus | 9 | 4 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Mountain goat | Oreamnos americanus | 8.18 | 5.82 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Soay sheep | Ovis aries | 2 | 2 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Soay sheep | Ovis aries | 5.13 | 3.12 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Bighorn sheep | Ovis canadensis | 7.5 | 5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Dall Mountain Sheep | Ovis dalli | 9.5 | 11 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Dall Mountain Sheep | Ovis dalli | 13 | 13 | 0.118 | 0.170 | [119]a,c | |
| Isard | Rupicapra pyre ica | 11 | 12 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Chamois | Rupicapra rupicapra | 7 | 6.5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| African buffalo | Syncerus caffer | 11 | 11 | – | – | [37]e | |
| African buffalo | Syncerus caffer | 16 | 22 | 0.143 | 0.084 | [119]a,c | |
| African buffalo | Syncerus caffer | 7.36 | 7.38 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Greater kudu | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | 8 | 4 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Moose | Alces alces | 7 | 3.5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Roe deer | Capreolus capreolus | 8.25 | 5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Roe deer | Capreolus capreolus | 7.91 | 5.01 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Elk | Cervus canadensis | 18 | 8 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Elk | Cervus elaphus canadensis | 16.05 | 7.64 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Red deer | Cervus elaphus | 10 | 7 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Red deer | Cervus elaphus | 10.6 | 8.0 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Sika deer | Cervus nippon | 11 | 8 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Black-tailed deer | Odocoileus hemionus columbianus | 5 | 3 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Reindeer | Rangifer tarandus | 6.5 | 4.5 | – | – | [37]e | |
| Reindeer | Rangifer tarandus | 16 | 11 | 0.111 | 0.212 | [119]a,c | |
| Reindeer | Rangifer tarandus | 4.63 | 2.18 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Cetacea | Common bottlenose dolphin | Tursiops truncatus | 12.34 | 9.74 | – | – | [35]d |
| Birds | |||||||
| Accipitriformes | Osprey | Pandion haliaetus | 6.59 | 6.48 | – | – | [35]d |
| Anseriformes | Tundra swan | Cygnus columbianus | 27 | 32 | 0.101 | 0.079 | [119]a,b |
| Tundra swan | Cygnus columbianus | 5.60 | 6.94 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Barnacle goose | Branta leucopsis | 7.00 | 7.80 | – | – | ||
| Ciconiiformes | Black-legged kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | > 12 | > 12 | 0.074 | 0.069 | [119]a,b |
| Black-legged kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | 6.56 | 5.24 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Passeriformes | European pied flycatcher | Ficedula hypoleuca | 7 | 7 | 0.235 | 0.241 | [119]a,b |
| Great tit | Parus major | 7 | 7 | 0.233 | 0.242 | [119]a,b | |
| Arabian babbler | Tursoides squamiceps | 6 | 7 | 0.225 | 0.211 | [119]a,b | |
| Arabian babbler | Turdoides squamiceps | 2.95 | 4.30 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Florida scrub jay | Aphelocoma caerulescens | 4.82 | 4.52 | – | – | [35]d | |
| Galliformes | Black grouse | Tetrao tetrix | 3.81 | 2.53 | – | – | [35]d |
| Piciformes | Acorn woodpecker | Melanerpes formicivorus | 3.08 | 4.30 | – | – | [35]d |
| Insects | |||||||
| Lepidoptera | Edith’s checkerspot | Euphydryas editha | – | – | 2.0208 | 2.7086 | [120]c |
| Japanese luehdorfia | Luehdorfia japonica | – | – | 1.8337 | 1.8556 | [120]c | |
| Myrtil | Maniola jurtina | – | – | 0.2994 | 1.4000 | [120]b,c | |
| Japanese clouded Apollo | Parnassius glacialis | – | – | 3.2305 | 2.2751 | [120]c | |
| Mormon Fritillary | Speyeria mormonia | – | – | 1.6364 | 1.6837 | [120]c | |
| Odonata | Small red damselfly | Ceriagrion tenellum | – | – | 0.065 | 0.045 | [121]b |
| Bluets | Enallagma hageni | – | – | 0.153 | 0.143 | [121]b | |
| Azure damselfly | Coenagrion puella | – | – | 0.088 | 0.111 | [121]b | |
We limited our literature search to comparative studies including sex-specific lifespan or rate of aging estimates in natural populations of mammals, birds or insects. In bold, the sex with the longest lifespan or the steepest rate of aging
a Lifespan measured as maximum longevity
b Rate of aging measured as Gompertz rate of aging
c Rate of aging measured as Weibull rate of aging
d Lifespan measured as life expectancy at reaching adulthood
e Lifespan measured as the age when 50% of a cohort was still alive