Table 1.

Regulated cell death pathways influenced by key mediators, morphological characteristics associated with the cell death modality and their immunogenic potential.

Regulated cell death pathway	Key mediator(s)	Morphological features	Immunogenicity/necroinflammation
Apoptosis	Initiator caspases (caspase-8 and -10) Executor caspases (caspase-3, -6 and -7)	Nuclear chromatin condensation Cellular shrinkage Membrane blebbing	Low
Pyroptosis	Caspases, gasdermins	Cellular necrosis – membrane rupture through a gasdermin D membrane pore – release of IL-1b and IL-18	High
Ferroptosis	GPX4	Cellular necrosis – membrane rupture by lipid peroxidation	Unknown
Necroptosis	RIPK1, RIPK3, phospho-MLKL	Cellular necrosis – membrane rupture – release of IL-33 and CXCL1	Potent cross priming
Parthanatos	PARP1	Cellular necrosis – membrane rupture	Unknown

GPX4: glutathione peroxidase-4; IL: interleukin; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein; PARP1: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; RIPK: receptor-interacting protein kinase.