Table 1.
Study and participant characteristics by population type
| Publication Author, Study Acronym | Study Location | No. of Participants;Follow-Up Duration | Baseline Demographics | Baseline Comorbidity Prevalences | FGF-23 Assay Type | Average FGF-23 Concentration |
| General population studies | ||||||
| Ärnlöv et al.,39 ULSAM | Uppsala, Sweden | 727; Median: 9.7 yr (range, 0.3–12.9) | Age: 78 yr | DM: 13% | Intact | Median 44 pg/ml (range, 9–162) |
| Men: 100% | eGFR: 74 (17) | |||||
| CVD: 27% | ||||||
| Ärnlöv et al.,38 PIVUS | Uppsala, Sweden | 1003; Median: 5.1 yr (range, 4.8–5.8) | Age: 70 yr | DM: 12% | Intact | Mean 47 pg/ml (SD 24) |
| Men: 50% | eGFR: 80 (14) | |||||
| White: 100% | CVD: 16% | |||||
| Brandenburg et al.,40 LURIC | Germany | 2974; Median: 9.9 yr | Age: 63 (10) yr | DM: 40% | C-terminal | Median 54 RU/ml (IQR, 40–78) |
| Men: 69% | eGFR<60: 14% | |||||
| White: 100% | CAD: 78% | |||||
| Deo et al.,41 CHS | USA | 3244; Mean: 8.1 yr (SD 3.2) | Age: 78 (5) yr | DM: 15% | C-terminal | Median 70 RU/ml (IQR, 53–99) |
| Men: 40% | eGFR: 71 (19) | |||||
| Black: 16% | HF: 9% MI: 11% | |||||
| di Giuseppe et al.,42 EPIC-Potsdam | Germany | 1443; Mean 8 yr (SD 2.2) | Age: 52 | DM: 7% | C-terminal | Median 48 RU/ml (IQR, NR) |
| Men: 44% | eGFR: NR | |||||
| White: NR | CAD: 10.8% | |||||
| di Giuseppe et al.,22 EPIC-Germany | Germany | 2908; Mean: 8.2 yr | Age: 52 | DM: 6% | C-terminal | Median 54 RU/ml (IQR, 38–72)a |
| Men: 50% | eGFR: 108 | |||||
| White: NR | Excluded MI and ST | |||||
| Garimella et al.,43 CHS | USA | 3143; Median: 9.8 yr | Age: NR | DM: NR | C-terminal | Median 71 RU/ml (IQR, 54–100) |
| Men: NR | eGFR: NR | |||||
| White: NR | CVD: NR | |||||
| Ix et al.,44 CHS | USA | 3107; Median: 10.5 yr (IQR, 5.9–11.5) | Age: 78 (5) yr | DM: 15% | C-terminal | Median 70 RU/ml (IQR, 53–99) |
| Men: 40% | eGFR: 71 (19) | |||||
| Black: 16% | CVD: 29% HF: 9% | |||||
| Kestenbaum et al.,45 MESA | USA | 6547; Median: 8.5 yr (IQR, 7.7–8.6) | Age: 62 yr | DM: 12% | Intact | Median 38 pg/ml (IQR, 31–46) Mean: 40 pg/ml (SD 15) |
| Men: 47% | eGFR: 84 (eGFR<60: 16%) | |||||
| White: 39% | CVD: 0% | |||||
| Lutsey et al.,46 ARIC | USA | 11,638; Median: 18.6 yr (maximum, 20.9) | Age: 57 yr | DM: 13% | Intact | Mean 44 pg/ml (SD 16) |
| Men: 43% | eGFR: 92 (eGFR<60: 3%) | |||||
| Black: 25% | CVD: 0% | |||||
| Masson et al.,47 PREDICTOR | Lazio, Italy | 1835; Mean: 3.8 yr | Age: 73 (5) yr | DM: 17% | C-terminal | Median 74 RU/ml (IQR, 58–97) |
| Men: 53% | Creatinine: 1.0 (0.3) mg/dl | |||||
| White: NR | CVD: 29% | |||||
| Panwar et al.,48 REGARDS | USA | 1551 (615 cases); Follow-up: NR | Age: 65 yr | DM: 21% | C-terminal | Median 70.5 RU/ml (IQR, 53–100) |
| Men: 45% | eGFR: 86.5 | |||||
| Black: 40% | CVD: 16% | |||||
| Parker et al.,49 HSS | San-Francisco, USA | 833; Median: 6.0 yr | Age: 67 (11) yr | DM: 27% | C-terminal | Median 43 RU/ml (IQR, 29–72) |
| Men: 81% | eGFR<60: 22% | |||||
| White: 60% | CVD: 100% | |||||
| Souma et al.,53 NOMAS | USA | 2525; Median: 14 yr | Age: 69 (10) yr | DM: 21% | C-terminal | Median 57 RU/ml (IQR, 44–81) |
| Men: 36% | eGFR: 80 (22) | |||||
| White: 21% | CVD: NR (no STs) | |||||
| Speer et al.50 | Saarland, Germany | 859; Median: 2.3 yr (IQR, 0.98–2.93) | Age: 64 yr | DM: 25% | C-terminal | Median 65 RU/ml (IQR, 45–115) |
| Men: 69% | Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dl (SD 0.8) | |||||
| White: NR | CAD: 43% HF: 86% | |||||
| Westerberg et al.,51 MrOS | Sweden | 2838; Mean: 4.5 yr | Age: 75.5 (3) yr | DM: 9% | Intact | Median 44 pg/ml (IQR, 32–58) |
| Men: 100% | eGFR: 72 (20) | |||||
| White: NR | CVD: 19% | |||||
| Wright et al.,52 NOMAS | USA | 2525; Mean: 12 yr (SD 5) | Age: 69 (10) yr | On glycemic agents: 15% | C-terminal | Median 57 RU/ml (IQR, 44–81) |
| Men: 36% | eGFR: 80 (22) | |||||
| White: 21% | CVD: NR (no STs) | |||||
| Nondialyzed CKD population studies | ||||||
| Alderson et al.,60 CRISIS | Salford, UK | 463; Median: 3.8 yr (IQR, 1.8–5.8) | Age: 64 (14) yr | DM: 31% | C-terminal | Median 209 RU/ml (IQR, 128–470) |
| Men: 62% | eGFR: 29 (15) | |||||
| White: 96% | CVD: 29% HF: 18% | |||||
| Baia et al.54 | Groningen, The Netherlands | 593; Median: 7.0 yr (IQR, 6.2–7.5) | Age: 52 (12) yr | DM: 18% | C-terminal | Median 140 RU/ml (IQR, 95–219) |
| Men: 54% | eGFR: 47 (16) | |||||
| White: 95% | CVD: NR | |||||
| Bouma-de Krijger et al.,23 MASTERPLAN | The Netherlands | 439; Follow-up: 2 yr | Age: 62 (12) yr | DM: 23% | C-terminal | Median 149 RU/ml (IQR, 87–241) |
| Men: 71% | eGFR: 36 (15) | |||||
| White: 93% | CVD: 27% | |||||
| Isakova et al.,55 CRIC | USA | 3879; 3.5 yr (IQR, 2.5–4.4) | Age: 58 (11) yr | DM: 48% | C-terminal | Median 146 RU/ml (IQR, 96–239) |
| Men: 55% | eGFR: 43 (14) | |||||
| Black: 42% | CAD: 22% HF: 10% | |||||
| Kendrick et al.,56 HOST | USA | 1099; Median: 2.9 yr Mean: 2.8 yr (SD 1.1) |
Age: 69 (11) yr | DM: 55% | C-terminal | Median 392 RU/ml (IQR, 216–945) |
| Men: 98% | eGFR: 18 (6) | |||||
| Black: 26% | CVD: 57% | |||||
| Levin et al.,57 CanPREDDICT | Canada | 2402; Median: 1 yr | Age: 68 (13) yr | DM: 48% | C-terminal | Median 237 RU/ml (IQR, 150–432) |
| Men: 63% | eGFR: 28 (9) | |||||
| White: 89% | CVD: NR | |||||
| Munoz-Mendoza et al.,61 CRIC | USA | 3875; Median: 6.9 yr (IQR, 4.2–8.2) | Age: 58 yr | DM: 48% | C-terminal | Median 146 RU/ml (IQR, 96–239) |
| Men: 55% | eGFR: 44 (15) | |||||
| Black: 42% | CAD: 22% HF: 10% | |||||
| Scialla et al.,58 CRIC | USA | 3860; Median: 3.7 yr (IQR, 2.5–4.7) | Age: 58 (11) yr | DM: 49% | C-terminal | Median 146 RU/ml (IQR, 96–239) |
| Men: 55% | eGFR: 44 (15) | |||||
| White: 42% | CVD: 31% | |||||
| Black: 41% | ||||||
| Seiler et al.,59 CARE FOR HOME | Hamburg, Germany | 444; Median: 2.6 yr (IQR, 1.4–3.6) | Age: 65 (12) yr | DM: 38% | C-terminal | Median 102 RU/ml (IQR, 64–164) |
| Men: 60% | eGFR: 45 (16) | |||||
| White: NR | Prevalent CVD: 30% | |||||
| Dialysis population studies | ||||||
| Chonchol et al.,62 HEMO | USA | 1340; Mean: 2.8 yr (SD 1.7) | Age: 57 (14) yr | Hemodialysis: 100% | Intact | Median 3118 pg/ml (IQR, 726–12,928) |
| Men: 45% | DM: 44% | |||||
| Black: 64% | CVD: 79% | |||||
| Jean et al.63 | France | 219; Median: 1.9 yr | Age: 67 (14) yr | Hemodialysis: 100% | C-terminal | Median 2740 RU/ml (IQR, 1192–8667) Mean: 7060 (SD 13,500) |
| Men: 57% | DM: 35% | |||||
| White: NR | CAD: 19% | |||||
| Kim et al.64 | South Korea | 205; Mean: 3.5 yr | Age: 47 (14) yr | PD: 100% | C-terminal | Median 79 RU/ml (IQR, 34–155) |
| Men: 60% | DM: 31% | |||||
| White: NR | CAD: 7% HF: 8% | |||||
| Moe et al.,24 EVOLVE | International | 2985; Median: 4.2 yr (IQR, 1.0–5.0) | Age: 54 yr | Hemodialysis: 100% | Intact (Millipore) | Median 5555 pg/ml (Q10–Q90, 580–19540) |
| Men: 59% | DM: 32% | |||||
| White: 58% | CVD: 95% HF: 23% | |||||
| Montford et al.,65 HOST | USA | 654; Median: 2.9 yr | Age: 60 (11) yr | Hemodialysis: 100% | C-terminal | Median 4212 RU/ml (IQR, 1411–13,816) |
| Men: 98% | DM: 41% | |||||
| White: 38% | CVD: 52% | |||||
| Nowak et al.66 | Germany | 239; Median: 2.5 yr (IQR, 2.0–2.7) | Age: 68 (14) yr | Hemodialysis: 100% | C-terminal | Mean 883 RU/ml (SD 1940) |
| Men: 64% | DM: 38% | |||||
| White: NR | CAD: 31% | |||||
| Olauson et al.67 | Sweden | 229; Median: 1.9 yr (range, 0.1–5) | Age: 55 yr | Hemodialysis: 41% | Intact | Median 2526 pg/ml (Q10–Q90, 431–19,495) |
| (IQR, 33–68) | PD: 54% | |||||
| Men: 65% | DM: 34% (as cause of ESRD) | |||||
| White: NR | CVD: 41% | |||||
| Scialla et al.,68 CHOICE | USA | 466; Median 3.4 yr (IQR, 1.8–5.9) | Age: 58 (15) yr | Hemodialysis: 100% | C-terminal | Median 1577 RU/ml (IQR, 818–4946) |
| Men: 55% | DM: 57% | |||||
| Black: 36% | CVD: 56% | |||||
Age and eGFR are mean (SD). ULSAM, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PIVUS, Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study; LURIC, Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study; IQR, interquartile range; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHS, The Cardiovascular Health Study; HF, heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; NR, not reported; ST, stroke; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; PREDICTOR, Valutazionedella PREvalenza di DIsfunzione CardiacaasinTOmatica e di scompensocaRdiaco; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; HSS, Heart and Soul Study; NOMAS, Stroke-free North Manhattan Study; MrOS, multicenter prospective Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study; CRISIS, Chronic Renal Insufficiency Standards Implementation Study; MASTERPLAN, Multifactorial approach and superior treatment efficacy in renal patients with the aid of nurse practitioners; CRIC, Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort; HOST, Homocysteine in Kidney and End Stage Renal Disease study; CanPREDDICT, Canadian study of prediction of death, dialysis and interim cardiovascular events; CARE FOR HOME, Cardiovascular And REnal outcome in CKD stage 2–4 patients—The FOuRth HOMburg evaluation; HEMO, The Hemodialysis Study; PD, peritoneal dialysis; EVOLVE, Evaluation of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events; Q10, 10th percentile; Q90, 90th percentile; CHOICE, Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for ESRD.
Approximated from median (IQR) of two mid quartiles.