Table 4. Multivariable logistic regression models predicting high-frequency emergency department utilization for asthma among adult patients for State-wide and Single-center Visits (n=159,874).
| State-wide Visits (index and non-index hospitals) |
Single-center Visits (index hospitals only) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derivation set | Test set | Derivation set | Test set | |||||
| OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p- value | |
| Age at index visit in years | 0.99 (0.992-0.997) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.991-0.996) | <0.001 | - | - | ||
| Female | 0.81 (0.76-0.87) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.73-0.84) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.78-0.93) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.74-0.88) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Black | - | - | 1.24 (1.12-1.38) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.08-1.34) | 0.001 | ||
| Hispanic | - | - | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | 0.54 | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 0.02 | ||
| Other | - | - | 0.88 (0.75-1.02) | 0.09 | 0.81 (0.69-0.95) | 0.01 | ||
| Median household income by patient ZIP code | ||||||||
| <$39,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| $39,000 - $47,999 | 0.69 (0.63-0.76) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.62-0.74) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.65-0.82) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.61-0.77) | <0.001 |
| $48,000 - $62,999 | 0.68 (0.62-0.75) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.64-0.78) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.61-0.77) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.61-0.78) | <0.001 |
| $63,000 and over | 0.63 (0.57-0.70) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.62-0.76) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.49-0.64) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.54-0.70) | <0.001 |
| Primary expected payer | ||||||||
| Medicare | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.20 (1.07-1.33) | 0.001 | 1.24 (1.11-1.39) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.04-1.32) | 0.01 | 1.22 (1.09-1.38) | 0.001 |
| Private Insurance | 0.61 (0.54-0.70) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.53-0.68) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.54-0.72) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.56-0.76) | <0.001 |
| Self-pay | 0.99 (0.87-1.13) | 0.9 | 1.06 (0.93-1.22) | 0.38 | 1.00 (0.86-1.15) | 0.95 | 1.08 (0.93-1.26) | 0.31 |
| No charge/other | 0.87 (0.71-1.08) | 0.21 | 1.01 (0.81-1.24) | 0.95 | 0.94 (0.73-1.20) | 0.29 | 0.96 (0.74-1.24) | 0.76 |
| Prior state-wide ED visits for any cause (≥ 4 ED visits) | 5.79 (5.39-6.21) | <0.001 | 5.98 (5.57-6.42) | <0.001 | 5.31 (4.88-5.78) | <0.001 | 5.45 (5.00-5.94) | <0.001 |
| Index visit months by quarter | ||||||||
| January - March | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| April - June | 0.61 (0.56-0.67) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.55-0.65) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.53-0.65) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.49-0.60) | <0.001 |
| July - September | 0.48 (0.43-0.52) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.42-0.52) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.39-0.50) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.37-0.48) | <0.001 |
| October - December | 0.40 (0.36-0.45) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.38-0.47) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.32-0.42) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.34-0.45) | <0.001 |
| Index visit time of presentation | ||||||||
| 1 am - 6 am | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 7 am - 12 pm | - | - | 0.90 (0.79-1.04) | 0.15 | 0.89 (0.77-1.02) | 0.09 | ||
| 1 pm - 6 pm | - | - | 0.85 (0.74-0.98) | 0.02 | 0.84 (0.73-0.96) | 0.01 | ||
| 7 pm - 12 am | - | - | 0.95 (0.82-1.09) | 0.46 | 0.89 (0.77-1.02) | 0.10 | ||
| Day of index visit | ||||||||
| Monday - Friday | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Saturday - Sunday | 1.05 (0.97-1.13) | 0.25 | 1.07 (0.99-1.15) | 0.09 | - | - | ||
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; ED, emergency department