Table 3.

Chemical and biological properties of ENMs

ENM	Chemical Elemental Composition				Recombinant Factor C (EU/mg)£	Sterility (bacterial growth observed)†
	Trace Metal Analysis (%)	Carbon Content (%)*	Stoichiometry XPS	Stoichiometry ICP-MS
SiO2	99.98±0.93 Si	0.29±0.13	SiO2.1	SiO2.5	< LOD	No growth
Al2O3	99.97±0.99 Al	0.29±0.19	Al2O2.9	Al2O3.1	< LOD	No growth
Ag	99.01±0.05 Ag	0.20±0.28	N/A	N/A	1.79	No growth
3.5%Ag/SiO2	99.98±0.03 Ag‡	0.05±0.20	SiO2.0	N/A	2.65	No growth
15%Ag/SiO2	99.98±0.03 Ag§	0.05±0.17	SiO2.1	N/A	23.93	No growth
s-CeO2	99.90±0.90 Ce	0.54±0.09	CeO2.0	CeO2.7	<LOD	No growth
l-CeO2	99.92±0.30 Ce	0.00±0.15	CeO1.9	CeO2.3	<LOD	No growth
s-Fe2O3	99.90±0.30 Fe	0.16±0.22	Fe2O2.7	Fe2O3.4	5.04	No growth
l-Fe2O3	99.98±0.10 Fe	0.17±0.21	Fe2O3.5	Fe2O3.2	0.65	No growth

ENM, engineered nanomaterial; LOD, limit of detection;

^*Elemental plus organic carbon content (w/w);

^£Suspension tested at 10 µg/ml, endotoxins in PBS is 76 EU/ml;

^†suspension tested at 50µg/ml;

^‡Silver content (w/w) 3.79±0.08;

^§Silver content (w/w) 15.92±0.25.