Table 3. Correlation coefficients and Fisher’s r-to-z transformations of Pearson r and partial correlations between I_bs and male and female obesity prevalence.

Variable	Pearson correlation Ibs				Partial Correlation Ibs
	n	r	p	Fisher’s r-to-z transformation	df	r	p	Effect Size	Fisher’s r-to-z transformation
Obesity %, Male	191	0.692	0.000	z = 3.31 p = 0.0005	163	0.332	0.000	0.124	z = 1.76 p = 0.039
Obesity %, Female	191	0.470	0.000		163	0.147	0.030	0.022
GDP, USD 2010	184	0.710	0.000	-	-	-	-		-
Calories, mean 2011–13	172	0.639	0.000	-	-	-	-		-
Urbanization	191	0.513	0.000	-	-	-	-		-

Partial correlation (two-tailed) was run to examine the correlations between I_bs and male and female obesity prevalence respectively when GDP, Calories and urbanization were controlled for, but both the results were only reported.

-, Controlled variable.

Obesity % is percentage of defined population segment with a body mass index (BMI) of no less than 30 kg/m².

Data sources: Total calories data from the FAO’s FAOSTAT; BMI ≥30 data from the WHO Global Health Observatory; GDP data from the World Bank; Urbanization data from WHO. Biological State Index (I_bs) was self calculated with country specific fertility data published by the United Nations and the mortality data published by World Health Organization (WHO).