Fig. 1. Temporal trends in secularization versus economic development over the 20th century, for four illustrative countries.

Each panel represents a country’s secularization score S derived from the WEVS on the y axis, for birth cohorts by decade t on the x axis. The trends are independently determined from each of five different survey periods, p, corresponding to five waves of the WEVS: p₁, 1990–1994; p₂, 1995–1999; p₃, 2000–2004; p₄, 2005–2009; p₅, 2010–2014.