Table 4.
Modified Poisson regression model for lack of viral suppression among N = 574 individuals contributing 3618 person-years
| Characteristics | Unadjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|
| BHLS score | 1.17 (1.02, 1.33) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.30) |
| 7 | 1.11 (1.03, 1.21) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.19) |
| 9 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) |
| 11 | Ref. | Ref. |
| 13.5 | ||
| Age (years) | 1.62 (1.32, 1.98) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.57) |
| 20 | 1.19 (1.05, 1.36) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) |
| 30 | Ref. | Ref. |
| 40 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) |
| 50 | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.87) |
| 60 | ||
| Female sex (vs. male) | 1.27 (1.12, 1.44) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) |
| Race/ethnicity | Ref. | Ref. |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.38 (1.21, 1.56) | 1.27 (1.13, 1.43) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51) |
| Hispanic | 1.17 (0.76, 1.80) | 1.46 (1.00, 2.12) |
| Other/unknown | ||
| Education (years)a | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) |
| 8 | Ref. | Ref. |
| 12 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) |
| 14 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) |
| 16 | 0.72 (0.42, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) |
| 20 | ||
| HIV transmission risk factor | Ref. | Ref. |
| MSM | 1.37 (1.15, 1.64) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) |
| IDU | 1.27 (1.10, 1.45) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.16) |
| Hetero | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.20) |
| Other/unknown | ||
| Socioeconomic status | Ref. | Ref. |
| Not low | 0.59 (0.41, 0.86) | 0.62 (0.44, 0.88) |
| Low | 1.32 (1.18, 1.47) | 1.30 (1.16, 1.45) |
| Very low | 2.01 (1.79, 2.26) | 1.96 (1.72, 2.24) |
| Unknown | ||
| Year of enrollment at VCCC | 1.18 (1.08, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) |
| 2000 | Ref. | Ref. |
| 2003 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) |
| 2005 | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.24) |
| 2010 | ||
| Baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count (per 100 cells/mm3)a | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) |
| Baseline HIV-1 viral load (log10 copies/mL)a | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) | 1.18 (1.11, 1.25) |
Bold estimates are statistically significant (p < 0.05). BHLS score, age, education, and year of enrollment were continuous variables modeled using restricted cubic splines with four knots. As these numbers comprised < 5% of the total study sample, missing data were not imputed in the adjusted model, as they were not seen to be a source of significant bias
MSM men who have sex with men, IDU injection drug use, Hetero: heterosexual contact
a
Some individuals were missing data: N = 17 individuals had missing education data, N = 1 individual had missing CD4+ lymphocyte count, and N = 1 individual had missing HIV-1 viral load