Table 1.
Mean | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|
Outcomes | ||
Total spending | $7,514 | $13,271 |
Hospital inpatient spending, % of Total Spending | $2,532, 33.7% | $7,675 |
Hospital outpatient spending, % of Total Spending | $1,017, 13.5% | $2,467 |
Postacute care spending, % of Total Spending | $1,064, 14.2% | $4,553 |
Other spending, % of Total Spending | $1,077, 14.3% | $1,410 |
Physician services spending, % of Total Spending | $1,823, 24.3% | $2,517 |
Emergency room visits | 0.480 | 1.006 |
Hospital index admissions | 0.242 | 0.544 |
Readmission rate* | 11.2% | 0.245 |
Practice characteristics | ||
Physician‐owned | 85.0% | — |
Hospital‐owned | 15.0% | — |
1–2 physician practice | 24.9% | — |
3–9 physician practice | 66.3% | — |
10–19 physician practice | 8.8% | — |
Percent of primary care physicians | 94.9% | 0.121 |
Patient‐centered medical home score Quartile 1 (0–11.76) | 28.2% | — |
Patient‐centered medical home score Quartile 2 (>11.76–23.53) | 30.8% | — |
Patient‐centered medical home score Quartile 3 (>23.53–37.5) | 21.2% | — |
Patient‐centered medical home score Quartile 4 (>37.5–100) | 19.9% | — |
Beneficiary characteristics | ||
Number of chronic conditions (0–25) | 5.976 | 2.991 |
Beneficiary age | 76.645 | 6.854 |
Beneficiary sex, female | 61.2% | — |
Dual eligible | 7.9% | — |
White (non‐Hispanic) | 90.4% | — |
Black (of African American) | 5.4% | — |
Hispanic | 2.0% | — |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.5% | — |
American Indian/Alaska Native/Other/Unknown | 0.7% | — |
Original reason for entitlement—old age and survivors insurance | 93.3% | — |
Original reason for entitlement—disability insurance benefits (DIB) | 6.7% | — |
Original reason for entitlement—end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) | 0.02% | — |
Original reason for entitlement—both DIB and ESRD | 0.01% | — |
Environment characteristics | ||
Large central metro county | 14.7% | — |
Large fringe metro county | 24.8% | — |
Medium metro county | 24.9% | — |
Small metro county | 13.0% | — |
Micropolitan county | 14.2% | — |
Noncore county | 8.3% | — |
Zip code income <$20k | 0.3% | — |
Zip code income [$20k to $30k) | 9.7% | — |
Zip code income [$30k to $40k) | 31.5% | — |
Zip code income [$40k to $50k) | 24.0% | — |
Zip code income [$50k to $60k) | 14.0% | — |
Zip code income [$60k to $70k) | 7.8% | — |
Zip code income [$70k to $80k) | 5.1% | — |
Zip code income >$90k | 4.4% | — |
Zip code income missing | 3.0% | — |
Survey period | ||
July 1–December 31, 2007 | 3.5% | — |
January 1–June 30, 2008 | 2.2% | — |
July 1–December 31, 2008 | 66.8% | — |
January 1–March 31, 2009 | 27.5% | — |
Authors’ analysis of NSPO survey data linked to Medicare claims data.
*The readmission rate is calculated for only individuals with an index hospitalization (N = 53,256).