Table 4.
Subgroup Analysis of Outpatient Visits within 30 days According to Type of Surgery and Hospital (Unit: OR, RR)
| Before and After Hospitalization | Before Hospitalization | After Hospitalization | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of surgery | |||
| Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days¹ | 0.78 | 0.78 | 1.10 |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.97 |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| Inguinal and femoral hernia operation | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days¹ | 2.12a | 1.55a | 1.57 |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 1.06 | 1.09a | 1.06 |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 1.11a | 1.11a | 1.05 |
| Hemorrhoidectomy | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days¹ | 1.60a | 1.98a | 1.30a |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 1.28a | 1.29a | 1.29a |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 1.28a | 1.16a | 1.15a |
| Type of hospital | |||
| Clinic | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days1 | 0.73 | 1.22 | 0.66a |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 0.99 |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 1.14a | 1.15 | 1.02 |
| Hospital | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days1 | 1.28 | 1.46a | 1.02 |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 1.16a | 1.15a | 1.19a |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 1.13a | 1.09a | 1.05 |
| General hospital | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days1 | 1.41a | 1.23a | 1.33 |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 1.05a | 1.06a | 1.05 |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 1.07a | 1.05 | 1.05 |
| Tertiary hospitalb | |||
| Outpatient visit within 30 days1 | 1.36a | 1.30a | 1.90a |
| Number of outpatient visit within 30 days2 | 1.12a | 1.09a | 1.16a |
| Outpatient medical expenditure within 30 days3 | 1.07a | 1.05a | 1.01 |
Notes: “Net effect” is the effect of DRG on a newly adopted hospital minus the effects of DRG on a continuously adopted hospital.
Expenditure: Adjusted for gross price inflation—that is, as if the gross‐to‐cost ratio had stayed constant since 2011. The results of exponential values are those from the gamma regression coefficients.
Adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, length of stay, type of surgery, type of hospital, ownership status, hospital location, teaching status, case mix index, doctors per 100 beds, nurses per 100 beds, hospital beds, and number of hospitalizations.
Statistically significant.
Tertiary hospital: We suggested time effects in tertiary hospital. Because it was not a voluntarily adopted DRG system in a previous time and it was not suitable for applied difference‐in‐difference model: The result is change after DRG adoption in tertiary hospital.
OR1, odds ratio: Generalized estimating equation model was used in binary outcome variable.
RR2, relative risk: Poisson regression analysis was used in count variable.
RR3, rate ratio: Generalized estimating equation model with gamma distribution was used in cost variable, and it was interpretable as percentage changes.