Table 4.
Logistic Regression: Usual Source of Care Types Associated Emergency Department Visits and Hospital Admissions, by Income Status
| All Respondents | Federal Poverty Level (FPL) Income Level | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
| No Interaction | With Interaction | <200% FPL | ≥200% FPL | |
| A. Any Emergency Department Visit | ||||
| Usual Source of Care (USC) Type | ||||
| Person | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No USC | 1.085 (1.043–1.130)*** | 1.008 (0.954–1.064) | 1.138 (1.078–1.201)*** | 1.044 (0.986–1.106) |
| Person, in Facility | 1.053 (1.018–1.089)*** | 1.036 (0.995–1.077)* | 1.071 (1.008–1.137)** | 1.040 (0.999–1.082)* |
| Facility | 1.062 (1.030–1.094)*** | 1.030 (0.992–1.069) | 1.118 (1.070–1.169)*** | 1.030 (0.992–1.070) |
| Low Income (<200% FPL) | 1.273 (1.238–1.308)*** | 1.179 (1.127–1.233)*** | ||
| Income‐USC Type Interaction | ||||
| No USC*Low Income | 1.198 (1.116–1.287)*** | |||
| Person, in Facility*Low Income | 1.045 (0.974–1.121) | |||
| Facility*Low Income | 1.091 (1.033–1.152)*** | |||
| Observations | 559,356 | 559,356 | 242,608 | 316,748 |
| B. Any Hospital Admission | ||||
| USC Type | ||||
| Person | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No USC | 1.195 (1.132–1.260)*** | 1.071 (0.995–1.153)* | 1.249 (1.155–1.352)*** | 1.134 (1.049–1.227)*** |
| Person, in Facility | 1.057 (1.010–1.106)** | 1.059 (1.004–1.118)** | 1.058 (0.981–1.141) | 1.054 (0.998–1.113)* |
| Facility | 1.092 (1.051–1.135)*** | 1.081 (1.031–1.133)*** | 1.110 (1.047–1.177)*** | 1.081 (1.031–1.134)*** |
| Low Income (<200% FPL) | 1.242 (1.196–1.290)*** | 1.190 (1.119–1.265)*** | ||
| Income‐USC Type Interaction | ||||
| No USC*Low Income | 1.284 (1.158–1.423)*** | |||
| Person, in Facility*Low Income | 0.989 (0.902–1.084) | |||
| Facility*Low Income | 1.034 (0.962–1.111) | |||
| Observations | 559,356 | 559,356 | 242,608 | 316,748 |
Source: Authors’ analysis of the 1996 to 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys.
Analyzes are adjusted for gender, age, race, region, insurance, poverty status, education, reported health, year, and number of office‐based visits. We defined low income as earning less than 200% of the federal poverty level. Data on emergency department and hospitalizations are the totals reported for each survey year.
***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1.