Fig. 2.

Spatiotemporal development of the four-species biofilm. a Confocal images showing the four-species biofilms after 0, 6, 12, and 24 h of growth under flow conditions. Ste; S. rhizophila (green), Xan; X. retroflexus (yellow), Mic; M. oxydans (purple) and Pan; P. amylolyticus (red). Magnification ×40. Scale bar: 50 µm. b Bio-volumes of species in single, dual, and four-species biofilms at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. Capital letters; S, X, M, and P represent S. rhizophila, X. retroflexus, M. oxydans, and P. amylolyticus, respectively. Error bars represent standard error of the mean of three biological replicates