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. 2018 Jul 12;9:758. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00758

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

(A) Meta-analysis of studies in which hippocampal volume was estimated from magnetic resonance images in adult patients with PTSD. The meta-analysis included 13 studies of adult patients with PTSD that compared the patients to well-matched control groups (total 215 patients and 325 control subjects). Pooled effect size calculations across the studies indicated significant volume differences in both hemispheres. On average PTSD patients had a 6.9% smaller left hippocampal volume and a 6.6% smaller right hippocampal volume compared with control subjects. These volume differences were smaller when comparing PTSD patients with control subjects exposed to similar levels of trauma, and larger when comparing PTSD patients to control subjects without significant trauma exposure. Reproduced with permission from Smith (2005). (B) Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies in PTSD. Across symptom provocation and cognitive-emotional tasks, the amygdala and mid-ACC are hyperactive in PTSD whereas the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex are hypoactive for negative emotional stimuli vs. neutral and positive stimuli. Areas of hyperactivation in PTSD (PTSD > Control) are shown in yellow, areas of hypoactivation in PTSD (Control > PTSD) are shown in blue. AMY, amygdala; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; L, left; mid-ACC, mid anterior cingulate cortex; R, right; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Reproduced with permission from Hayes et al. (2012a).