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. 2018 Jun 28;9:700. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00700

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Copyright © 2018 Ma, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Yang, Wang, Liu, Ran, Yan, Wu and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of SPN treatment on cartilage degeneration in a rat model of OA. ACL and MM-transected rats were injected intra-articularly with SPN (200 μM) every 7 days. (A) Rats were sacrificed to isolate the knees for analysis after 8 weeks of treatment. 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed knees were decalcified and embedded in paraffin, then sectioned at 5 μm thickness. Sections of the interior joint were stained with safranin O-fast green (SO). (B) The OARSI grading system (0–6) was used to evaluate the sections. (C) Inflammatory factors (MMP3 and COX2) were detected by immunohistochemistry (n ≥ 10 per group). Significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.