Table 4.

Factors associated with excessive polypharmacy (≥10 substances); results from the multivariable generalized linear mixed model

	Univariable		Multivariable
Factors	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Sex (female vs male)	1.18 (1.03–1.35)	0.0189	1.03 (0.89–1.19)	0.6718
Age group (≥85 vs < 85)	0.96 (0.82–1.13)	0.6388	0.83 (0.70–0.99)	0.0328
Educational level (low vs medium/high/missing)	0.94 (0.81–1.10)	0.4440	0.95 (0.80–1.13)	0.5506
Frailty (frail/terminally ill vs managing well/vulnerable/missing)	1.83 (1.57–2.13)	<.0001	1.45 (1.22–1.71)	<.0001
BMI (≥30 vs < 30)	1.34 (1.16–1.54)	<.0001	1.18 (1.02–1.38)	0.0303
Smoker (smoker vs non-smoker/ex-smoker/missing)	0.83 (0.59–1.16)	0.2763	0.85 (0.60–1.21)	0.3579
Research centre (Austria vs Germany 1)	0.69 (0.52–0.93)	0.0139	0.97 (0.72–1.31)	0.8519
Research centre (Italy vs Germany 1)	0.58 (0.44–0.75)	<.0001	0.90 (0.67–1.21)	0.4950
Research centre (UK vs Germany 1)	0.92 (0.70–1.22)	0.5561	1.71 (1.27–2.30)	0.0004
Research centre (Germany 2 vs Germany1)	0.71 (0.54–0.94)	0.0150	0.74 (0.56–0.97)	0.0303
Number of diagnoses (> 8 vs ≤8)	2.70 (2.32–3.14)	<.0001	2.64 (2.24–3.11)	<.0001
Physical health composite score (≤36.635 vs > 36.636)	1.83 (1.58–2.11)	<.0001	1.47 (1.26–1.72)	<.0001
Mental health composite score (≤48.7 vs > 48.8)	1.53 (1.33–1.76)	<.0001	1.36 (1.17–1.59)	<.0001

Legend: Germany 1 = Rostock, Germany 2 = Witten