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. 2018 Apr 17;7(7):543–550. doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0210

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© 2018 The Authors stemcellstranslationalmedicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of AlphaMed Press

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Mechanisms of MSC‐mediated cardiac regeneration. The initial reported mechanisms of MSCs' impact on cardiac regeneration were via replacement of necrotic contractile myocardium with differentiated cardiomyocytes (CMs; left side of figure). The relative contribution of this mechanism is likely quite small, with greater contribution from paracrine mechanisms, whether from secreted paracrine signals or encapsulated signals in microvesicles or endosomes (right side of figure). Together, these processes lead to improved cardiomyocyte survival, reduced inflammation, and preserved myocardial function. Abbreviations: CM, conditioned medium; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; SMC, smooth muscle cell.