Table 1.

Summary of key clinical trials of MSC therapy for ischemic heart disease

Study	n	Cell source	Cell dose (× 106)	Design	Delivery	Key findings
Acute myocardial infarction
Chen et al. 53	69	Autologous BM	4800–6000	RPCT	IC	Improved LVEF, perfusion and wall motion
Katritsis et al. 54	22	Autologous BM	1–2	Open	IC	Improved wall motion and perfusion
Hare et al. 55	53	Allogeneic BM (Provacel)	0.5/1.6/5 per kg	RPCT	IV	Safety; improved LVEF and remodeling
Houtgraaf et al. 56	14	Autologous BM	20	RPCT	IC	Improvement in perfusion and myocardial scar
Gao et al. 57	41	Autologous BM	3.1	RPCT	IC	No difference in viability, perfusion or LVEF
SEED‐MSC 58	80	Autologous BM	72 ± 9	Open	IC	Improved LVEF
Chronic ischemic heart disease
Chen et al. 53	22	Autologous BM	5	Open	IC	Increased LVEF and improved symptoms
Mohyeddin‐Bonab et al. 59	8	Autologous BM	5.6	Open	IC/IM	Improved LVEF, reduced infarct size
Friis et al. 60	31	Autologous BM	22	Open	IM	Improved LVEF and exercise capacity
POSEIDON 61	30	Allogeneic/autologous BM	20/100/200	Randomized open	IM	Safe
Mathiasen et al. 62	60	Autologous BM	83	RPCT	IM	Improved LVEF and muscle mass
Perin et al. 63	60	Allogeneic BM	25/75/150	RPCT	IM	Safety, feasible
Qayyum et al. (2017)	60	Autologous adipose tissue	72 ± 45	RPCT	IM	No difference in exercise capacity
TAC‐HFT 64	65	Autologous BM	40	RPCT	IM	Improved exercise tolerance and reduced infarct size.
PROMETHEUS 65	9	Autologous BM	20–40	RPCT	IM	Increased LVEF and decreased scar.

Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; IC, intracoronary; IM, intramyocardial; IV, intravenous; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; RPCT, randomized placebo‐controlled trial.