Table 13.
Estimation Results for Main Outcomes, Comparison to No Infant-Toddler Care, Child Cohort
| Within Reggio
|
With Parma
|
With Padova
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | BIC | Full | PSMR. | KMR | DidPm | KMDidPm | KMPm | DidPv | KMDidPv | KMPv | |
| IQ Factor | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.34 | −0.21 | −0.57 | −1.28 | 0.84 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.00)*** | (0.01)** | (0.06)** | (0.12)* | (0.18) | (0.20) | (0.18) | (0.36) | (0.10)** | (0.02)*** | (0.01)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.01)*** | (0.05)*** | (0.29) | (0.56) | (0.76) | (0.79) | (0.86) | (0.92) | (0.50) | (0.12) | (0.10) |
| SDQ Composite – Child | 0.55 | 1.04 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.20 | −0.74 | 0.26 | 0.92 | 1.73 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.50) | (0.20) | (0.28) | (0.23) | (0.17) | (0.35) | (0.42) | (0.52) | (0.86) | (0.66) | (0.08)** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.84) | (0.82) | (0.72) | (0.76) | (0.76) | (0.89) | (0.91) | (0.92) | (0.98) | (0.96) | (0.31) |
| Not Obese | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.10 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.42 | 0.38 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.00)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.33) | (0.08)** | (0.12)* | (0.27) | (0.44) | (0.39) | (0.44) | (0.10)* | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.00)*** | (0.11) | (0.72) | (0.47) | (0.64) | (0.82) | (0.92) | (0.92) | (0.91) | (0.31) | (0.06)** |
| Not Overweight | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.10 | 0.09 | −0.05 | −0.13 | −0.15 | −0.03 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.30) | (0.69) | (0.80) | (0.73) | (0.38) | (0.29) | (0.44) | (0.54) | (0.09)** | (0.23) | (0.64) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.78) | (0.92) | (0.93) | (0.87) | (0.83) | (0.89) | (0.92) | (0.92) | (0.71) | (0.87) | (0.91) |
| Health is Good | −0.11 | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.15 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.14 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.20) | (0.45) | (0.48) | (0.40) | (0.18) | (0.96) | (0.75) | (0.26) | (0.92) | (0.94) | (0.21) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.71) | (0.88) | (0.72) | (0.83) | (0.76) | (0.94) | (0.92) | (0.90) | (0.98) | (0.96) | (0.63) |
| Not Excited to Learn | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.42 | −0.14 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.95) | (0.71) | (0.73) | (0.65) | (0.79) | (0.11)* | (0.30) | (0.16) | (0.09)** | (0.05)** | (0.07)** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.96) | (0.92) | (0.93) | (0.87) | (0.93) | (0.79) | (0.86) | (0.77) | (0.50) | (0.12) | (0.30) |
| Problems Sitting Still | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.12 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.19 | −0.18 | −0.03 | −0.27 | −0.20 | −0.04 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.15) | (0.30) | (0.12)* | (0.48) | (0.61) | (0.08)** | (0.10)* | (0.78) | (0.05)*** | (0.21) | (0.59) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.54) | (0.84) | (0.33) | (0.86) | (0.92) | (0.56) | (0.57) | (0.92) | (0.18) | (0.87) | (0.91) |
| How Much Child Likes School | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.15 | −0.08 | −0.11 | 0.20 | −0.37 | 0.44 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.25) | (0.38) | (0.95) | (0.35) | (0.86) | (0.31) | (0.69) | (0.37) | (0.38) | (0.38) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.73) | (0.88) | (0.96) | (0.83) | (0.93) | (0.89) | (0.92) | (0.92) | (0.85) | (0.88) | (0.06)** |
| Num. of Friends | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 1.40 | 1.36 | −0.76 | 0.38 | 1.31 | −0.92 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.01)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.12)* | (0.02)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.09)** | (0.30) | (0.78) | (0.44) | (0.21) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.12) | (0.23) | (0.43) | (0.16) | (0.07)** | (0.35) | (0.63) | (0.91) | (0.97) | (0.91) | (0.63) |
| Candy Game: Willing to Share Candies | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.15 | −0.09 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.84) | (0.31) | (0.96) | (0.29) | (0.30) | (0.27) | (0.19) | (0.15) | (0.62) | (0.78) | (0.91) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.96) | (0.88) | (0.98) | (0.78) | (0.79) | (0.89) | (0.84) | (0.77) | (0.97) | (0.96) | (0.93) |
Note 1: This table shows the estimates of the coefficient for attending Reggio Approach infant-toddler centers from multiple methods. We compare individuals who attended both municipal infant-toddler centers and preschools (1,1) with individuals who only attended municipal preschools and no infant-toddler center (0,1). The Column titles indicate the corresponding control set and and model. None = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with no control variables. BIC = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with controls selected by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and additional controls for male indicator and ITC attendance indicator. Full = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with the full set of controls. PSM = within-Reggio Emilia propensity score matching estimation. KM = within-Reggio Emilia Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation. DidPm = difference-in-differences estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Parma (1,1) – Parma (0,1)). KMDidPm = difference-in-differences kernel matching estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Parma (1,1) – Parma (0,1)). KMPm = Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation between Reggio (1,1) and Parma (0,1). DidPv = difference-in-differences estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Padova (1,1) – Padova (0,1)). KMDidPv = difference-in-differences kernel matching estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Padova (1,1) – Padova (0,1)).
Note 2: Both unadjusted p-value and stepdown p-value are reported. ***, **, and * indicate significance of the coefficients at the 15%, 10%, and 5% levels respectively. Empty cells show that the estimation cannot be carried out for that outcome.