Table 14.
Estimation Results for Main Outcomes, Comparison to No Infant-Toddler Care, Adolescent Cohort
| Within Reggio
|
With Parma
|
With Padova
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | BIC | Full | PSMR | KMR | DidPm | KMDidPm | KMPm | DidPv | KMDidPv | KMPv | |
| IQ Factor | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.20 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.25 | 0.43 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.30) | (0.22) | (0.52) | (0.13)* | (0.21) | (0.30) | (0.49) | (0.71) | (0.81) | (0.45) | (0.03)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.98) | (0.90) | (0.94) | (0.80) | (0.91) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.37) |
| SDQ Composite – Child | 1.35 | 0.89 | 1.71 | 0.82 | 1.04 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.11)* | (0.32) | (0.07)** | (0.44) | (0.26) | (0.72) | (0.78) | (0.68) | (0.74) | (0.85) | (0.70) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.72) | (0.91) | (0.32) | (0.96) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) |
| SDQ Composite | −0.69 | −1.15 | −0.66 | 0.09 | −0.71 | −1.20 | −0.45 | −1.11 | −1.42 | −0.42 | −0.13 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.48) | (0.24) | (0.53) | (0.93) | (0.51) | (0.42) | (0.82) | (0.26) | (0.34) | (0.81) | (0.90) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.91) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.91) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) |
| Depression Score – positive | −0.90 | −1.46 | −1.67 | −1.52 | −1.62 | −1.52 | −1.94 | −0.03 | −1.59 | −0.80 | −0.83 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.46) | (0.23) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.23) | (0.37) | (0.41) | (0.98) | (0.40) | (0.72) | (0.46) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.91) | (0.82) | (0.89) | (0.93) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) |
| Locus of Control – positive | −0.13 | −0.17 | −0.16 | −0.19 | −0.23 | 0.02 | −0.17 | −0.01 | −0.59 | −0.84 | 0.20 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.33) | (0.21) | (0.22) | (0.24) | (0.12)* | (0.91) | (0.51) | (0.97) | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.14)* |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.90) | (0.86) | (0.89) | (0.82) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.08)** | (0.04)*** | (0.79) |
| Not Obese | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.14 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.55) | (0.16) | (0.27) | (0.20) | (0.29) | (0.80) | (0.98) | (0.95) | (0.87) | (0.52) | (0.08)** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.86) | (0.86) | (0.89) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.61) |
| Not Overweight | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.14)* | (0.11)* | (0.14)* | (0.10)* | (0.34) | (0.63) | (0.91) | (0.02)*** | (0.22) | (0.43) | (0.72) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.43) | (0.44) | (0.25) | (0.76) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.29) | (0.88) | (0.93) | (0.99) |
| Health is Good | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.00 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.20 | −0.02 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.72) | (0.94) | (0.97) | (0.71) | (0.74) | (0.88) | (0.66) | (0.14)* | (0.34) | (0.19) | (0.86) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.82) | (0.98) | (0.88) | (0.99) |
| Go To School | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.02 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.44) | (0.63) | (0.73) | (0.84) | (0.61) | (0.15)* | (0.19) | (0.16) | (0.62) | (0.34) | (0.55) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.85) | (0.96) | (0.83) | (0.99) | (0.93) | (0.99) |
| How Much Child Likes School | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.13 | 0.01 | −0.17 | −0.37 | −0.49 | 0.15 | −0.30 | −0.36 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.75) | (0.62) | (0.56) | (0.95) | (0.41) | (0.16) | (0.13)* | (0.41) | (0.29) | (0.35) | (0.94) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.92) | (0.78) | (0.97) | (0.98) | (0.93) | (0.99) |
| Days of Sport (Weekly) | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.05 | −0.26 | −1.00 | −1.49 | 0.36 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.46) | (0.50) | (0.27) | (0.62) | (0.65) | (0.72) | (0.97) | (0.43) | (0.09)** | (0.03)*** | (0.30) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.86) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.71) | (0.35) | (0.96) |
| Num. of Friends | 4.70 | 4.77 | 4.43 | 4.57 | 4.37 | 8.07 | 6.59 | 0.46 | 0.82 | 0.11 | 1.27 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.03)*** | (0.87) | (0.84) | (0.98) | (0.60) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.03)*** | (0.05)*** | (0.14) | (0.04)*** | (0.09)** | (0.09)** | (0.58) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) |
| Volunteers | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.18 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.35) | (0.39) | (0.53) | (0.26) | (0.26) | (0.47) | (0.82) | (0.23) | (0.51) | (0.51) | (0.04)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.94) | (0.89) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.90) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.45) |
| Trust Score | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.58 | −0.59 | −0.48 | −0.60 | 0.22 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.99) | (0.77) | (0.78) | (0.18) | (0.30) | (0.32) | (0.33) | (0.06)** | (0.29) | (0.33) | (0.41) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.94) | (0.89) | (0.94) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.55) | (0.97) | (0.93) | (0.98) |
Note 1: This table shows the estimates of the coefficient for attending Reggio Approach infant-toddler centers from multiple methods. We compare people who attended both municipal infant-toddler centers and preschools (1,1) with people who only attended municipal preschools and no infant-toddler center (0,1). As in Section Column title indicates the corresponding control set and and model. None = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with no control variables. BIC = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with controls selected by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and additional controls for male indicator and ITC attendance indicator. Full = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with the full set of controls. PSM = within-Reggio Emilia propensity score matching estimation. KM = within-Reggio Emilia Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation. DidPm = difference-in-differences estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Parma (1,1) – Parma (0,1)). KMDidPm = difference-in-differences kernel matching estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Parma (1,1) – Parma (0,1)). KMPm = Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation between Reggio (1,1) and Parma (0,1). DidPv = difference-in-differences estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Padova (1,1) – Padova (0,1)). KMDidPv = difference-in-differences kernel matching estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Padova (1,1) – Padova (0,1)).
Note 2: Both unadjusted p-value and stepdown p-value are reported. ***, **, and * indicate significance of the coefficients at the 15%, 10%, and 5% levels respectively. Empty cells show that the estimation cannot be carried out for that outcome.