Table 15.
Estimation Results for Main Outcomes, Comparison to No Infant-Toddler Care, Age-30 Cohort
| Within Reggio
|
With Parma
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | BIC | Full | PSM | KM | DidPm | KMPm | |
| IQ Factor | −0.20 | −0.25 | −0.29 | −0.16 | −0.28 | 0.24 | −0.85 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.13)* | (0.07)** | (0.04)*** | (0.24) | (0.04)*** | (0.29) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.63) | (0.56) | (0.24) | (0.71) | (0.31) | (0.96) | (0.00)*** |
| Graduate from High School | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.16 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.92) | (0.55) | (0.29) | (0.45) | (0.84) | (0.10)* | (0.95) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.90) | (0.73) | (0.84) | (0.98) | (0.80) | (0.99) |
| High School Grade | −3.06 | −3.48 | −3.18 | −3.03 | −3.94 | 6.34 | 3.08 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.05)** | (0.04)*** | (0.07)** | (0.06)** | (0.02)*** | (0.31) | (0.43) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.45) | (0.37) | (0.22) | (0.40) | (0.22) | (0.84) | (0.97) |
| High School Grade (Standardized) | −2.88 | −3.67 | −3.00 | −3.38 | −3.99 | 3.41 | −2.26 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.15) | (0.07)** | (0.15)* | (0.09)** | (0.06)** | (0.44) | (0.46) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.58) | (0.52) | (0.43) | (0.54) | (0.35) | (0.96) | (0.97) |
| Max Edu: Lmversitv | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.19 | −0.15 | −0.17 | −0.25 | −0.22 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.05)*** | (0.08)** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.24) | (0.14) | (0.08)** | (0.22) | (0.02)*** | (0.53) | (0.55) |
| Employed | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.09 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.03)*** | (0.64) | (0.35) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.50) | (0.56) | (0.27) | (0.10)** | (0.27) | (0.99) | (0.96) |
| Hours Worked Per Week | 4.75 | 5.54 | 5.70 | 5.41 | 5.52 | 1.79 | 9.26 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.67) | (0.04)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.21) | (0.08)** | (0.07)** | (0.02)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.99) | (0.38) |
| Married or Cohabitating | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.20 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.10)* | (0.13)* | (0.12)* | (0.22) | (0.13)* | (0.74) | (0.15) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.52) | (0.56) | (0.36) | (0.71) | (0.56) | (0.99) | (0.70) |
| Not Obese | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.05)*** | (0.12)* | (0.03)*** | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.94) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.28) | (0.49) | (0.49) | (0.27) | (0.56) | (0.82) | (0.99) |
| Not Overweight | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.23 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.31) | (0.58) | (0.75) | (0.50) | (0.62) | (0.83) | (0.08)** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.73) | (0.90) | (0.95) | (0.84) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.55) |
| Locus of Control – positive | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.12 | −0.02 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.77) | (0.88) | (0.90) | (0.84) | (0.84) | (0.66) | (0.93) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.90) | (0.98) | (0.84) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) |
| Depression Score – positive | −1.26 | −1.31 | −1.70 | −1.28 | −1.44 | −5.21 | −0.59 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.16) | (0.14)* | (0.06)** | (0.16) | (0.13)* | (0.00)*** | (0.73) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.63) | (0.56) | (0.18) | (0.67) | (0.56) | (0.03)*** | (0.99) |
| Volunteers | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.08 | 0.12 | −0.42 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.02)*** | (0.03)*** | (0.13)* | (0.00)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.29) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.50) | (0.56) | (0.58) | (0.06)** | (0.31) | (0.94) | (0.02)*** |
| Ever Voted tor Municipal | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.48 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.17) | (0.01)*** | (0.06)** | (0.26) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.11) | (0.17) | (0.40) | (0.10)** | (0.35) | (0.94) | (0.00)*** |
| Ever Voted for Regional | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.55 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.06)** | (0.01)*** | (0.03)*** | (0.12)* | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.09)** | (0.27) | (0.84) | (0.00)*** |
| Num. of Friends | −3.62 | −3.70 | −4.22 | −4.15 | −3.63 | −7.73 | −2.36 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.08)** | (0.13)* |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.08)** | (0.07)** | (0.04)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.13) | (0.70) |
| Trust Score | −1.15 | −1.16 | −1.14 | −1.24 | −1.14 | −1.64 | −1.10 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.03)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.29) |
Note 1: This table shows the estimates of the coefficient for attending Reggio Approach infant-toddler centers from multiple methods. We compare people who attended both municipal infant-toddler centers and preschools (1,1) with people who only attended municipal preschools and no infant-toddler center (0,1). As in Section Column title indicates the corresponding control set and and model. None = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with no control variables. BIC = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with controls selected by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and additional controls for male indicator and ITC attendance indicator. Full = within-Reggio Emilia OLS estimate with the full set of controls. PSM = within-Reggio Emilia propensity score matching estimation. KM = within-Reggio Emilia Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation. DidPm = difference-in-differences estimates of (Reggio (1,1) – Reggio (0,1)) – (Parma (1,1) – Parma (0,1)). PSMPm = propensity score matching estimation between Reggio (1,1) and Parma (0,1). KMPm = Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation between Reggio (1,1) and Parma (0,1). Note that comparison with Padova is not possible due to small sample size as specified in Table 12.
Note 2: Both unadjusted p-value and stepdown p-value are reported. ***, **, and * indicate significance of the coefficients at the 15%, 10%, and 5% levels respectively. Empty cells show that the estimation cannot be carried out for that outcome.