Table 16.
Estimation Results for Main Outcomes, Comparison to No Infant-Toddler Care, Age-40 Cohort
| None | BIC | Full | PSM | KM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IQ Factor | −0.45 | −0.52 | −0.50 | −0.57 | −0.56 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.34) | (0.00)*** |
| Slepdoum P- Value | (0.10) | (0.09)** | (0.15) | (0.63) | (0.04)*** |
| Graduate from High School | −0.29 | −0.20 | −0.14 | −0.09 | −0.20 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.07)** | (0.24) | (0.25) | (0.07)** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.02)*** | (0.39) | (0.44) | (0.59) | (0.60) |
| High School Grade | 1.41 | 1.70 | 3.97 | 1.77 | 2.54 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.39) | (0.31) | (0.05)** | (0.51) | (0.18) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.98) | (0.39) | (0.76) | (0.84) |
| High School Grade (Standardized) | 0.53 | 0.35 | 2.34 | 1.23 | 1.32 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.77) | (0.84) | (0.31) | (0.02)*** | (0.54) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.79) | (0.10)** | (0.98) |
| Max Edn: University | −0.11 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.02 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.08)** | (0.51) | (0.58) | (0.78) | (0.84) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.78) | (0.98) | (0.93) | (0.92) | (0.98) |
| Employed | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.08)** | (0.10)* | (0.09)** | (0.06)** | (0.06)** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.93) | (0.22) | (0.25) | (0.51) |
| Honrs Worked Per Week | 4.85 | 6.31 | 7.82 | 4.70 | 6.90 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.02)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.43) | (0.22) | (0.12) | (0.08)** | (0.10)** |
| Married or Cohabitating | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.10 | −0.00 | −0.12 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.53) | (0.35) | (0.38) | (0.97) | (0.26) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.98) | (0.67) | (0.98) | (0.92) |
| Not Obese | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.12 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.10)* | (0.32) | (0.83) | (0.15) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.20) | (0.93) | (0.71) | (0.92) | (0.84) |
| Not Overweight | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.36) | (0.18) | (0.11)* | (0.00)*** | (0.16) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.93) | (0.33) | (0.02)*** | (0.84) |
| Locus of Control – positive | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.17 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.32) | (0.29) | (0.41) | (0.00)*** | (0.36) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.98) | (0.73) | (0.02)*** | (0.94) |
| Depression Score – positive | 1.05 | −0.16 | −0.69 | 1.24 | −0.13 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.37) | (0.90) | (0.61) | (0.13)* | (0.92) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.96) | (0.99) | (0.87) | (0.43) | (0.98) |
| Volunteers | −0.11 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.05 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.09)** | (0.19) | (0.00)*** | (0.33) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.50) | (0.98) | (0.74) | (0.02)*** | (0.94) |
| Ever Voted for Municipal | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.36) | (0.14)* | (0.76) | (0.61) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.02)*** | (0.98) | (0.50) | (0.92) | (0.98) |
| Ever Voted for Regional | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.27) | (0.20) | (0.79) | (0.37) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.02)*** | (0.98) | (0.58) | (0.92) | (0.94) |
| Num. of Friends | −4.79 | −3.35 | −2.60 | −3.01 | |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.02)*** | |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.01)*** | (0.29) | (0.30) | (0.27) | |
| Trust Score | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.52 | 0.04 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.88) | (0.79) | (0.78) | (0.01)*** | (0.91) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.04)*** | (0.98) |
Note 1: This table shows the estimates of the coefficient for attending Reggio Approach infant-toddler centers from multiple methods. We compare people who attended both Reggio Approach infant-toddler centers and preschools with people who only attended Reggio Approach preschools. Column title indicates the corresponding control set and and model. None = OLS estimate with no control variables. BIC = OLS estimate with controls selected by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and additional controls for male indicator and ITC attendance indicator. Full = OLS estimate with the full set of controls. PSM = propensity score matching estimation. KM = Epanechnikov kernel matching estimation.
Note 2: Both unadjusted p-value and stepdown p-value are reported. ***, **, and * indicate significance of the coefficients at the 15%, 10%, and 5% levels respectively. Empty cells show that the estimation cannot be carried out for that outcome.