Table 20.
Estimation Results for Main Outcomes, Comparison to No Preschools, Age-30 Cohort
| Within Reggio
|
With Parma
|
With Padova
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | BIC | Full | PSMR | KMR | DidPm | KMDidPm | KMPm | DidPv | KMDidPv | KMPv | |
| IQ Factor | 0.14 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.15 | 0.10 | −0.41 | −0.01 | −0.42 | −0.21 | 0.16 | −0.25 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.39) | (0.82) | (0.74) | (0.43) | (0.58) | (0.10)* | (0.94) | (0.01)*** | (0.46) | (0.43) | (0.11)* |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.91) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.82) | (0.99) | (0.16) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.75) |
| Graduate from High School | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.14 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.08 | −0.03 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.55) | (0.62) | (0.57) | (0.66) | (0.44) | (0.37) | (0.23) | (0.88) | (0.58) | (0.60) | (0.61) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.82) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) |
| Higli School Grade | 4.54 | 4.98 | 4.62 | 5.57 | 5.60 | 2.20 | 2.42 | 15.02 | 3.17 | 3.08 | 6.43 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.03)*** | (0.02)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.03)*** | (0.64) | (0.73) | (0.01)*** | (0.45) | (0.57) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.08)** | (0.05)** | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.12) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.01)*** |
| Higli School Grade (Standardized) | 6.39 | 6.88 | 6.54 | 6.91 | 7.46 | 6.07 | 6.93 | 7.76 | 6.23 | 5.54 | 2.85 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.01)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** | (0.13)* | (0.20) | (0.07)** | (0.20) | (0.36) | (0.18) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.03)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.04)*** | (0.16) | (0.84) | (0.98) | (0.44) | (0.91) | (0.98) | (0.84) |
| Max Edu: University | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.23 | −0.15 | −0.20 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.32) | (0.72) | (0.57) | (0.80) | (0.83) | (0.86) | (0.86) | (0.03)*** | (0.30) | (0.19) | (0.89) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.81) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.26) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.99) |
| Employed | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.38) | (0.69) | (0.35) | (0.39) | (0.90) | (0.13)* | (0.01)*** | (0.83) | (0.95) | (0.92) | (0.31) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.59) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.86) | (0.37) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.95) |
| Hours Worked Per Week | 6.84 | 4.30 | 5.16 | 2.80 | 3.63 | 8.95 | 10.43 | 1.65 | 4.79 | 3.82 | 3.31 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.01)*** | (0.12)* | (0.07)** | (0.34) | (0.33) | (0.07)** | (0.00)*** | (0.63) | (0.37) | (0.50) | (0.23) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.10)** | (0.76) | (0.17) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.65) | (0.20) | (0.96) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.92) |
| Married or Cohabitating | −0.01 | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.12 | −0.03 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.01 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.85) | (0.33) | (0.25) | (0.56) | (0.73) | (0.37) | (0.86) | (0.66) | (0.86) | (0.60) | (0.90) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.51) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.99) |
| Not Obese | −0.00 | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.04 | 0.11 | −0.23 | −0.28 | −0.16 | 0.13 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.99) | (0.30) | (0.32) | (0.18) | (0.45) | (0.70) | (0.25) | (0.00)*** | (0.05)** | (0.22) | (0.13)* |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.58) | (0.95) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.08)** | (0.42) | (0.98) | (0.78) |
| Not Overweight | −0.07 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.04 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.29) | (0.87) | (0.78) | (0.66) | (0.74) | (0.99) | (0.88) | (0.18) | (0.93) | (0.82) | (0.60) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.72) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) |
| Locus of Control – positive | 0.07 | −0.05 | −0.08 | −0.11 | −0.01 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.69 | 0.02 | 0.29 | −0.04 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.59) | (0.71) | (0.56) | (0.34) | (0.96) | (0.76) | (0.88) | (0.00)*** | (0.94) | (0.27) | (0.81) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.77) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.04)*** | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) |
| Depression Score – positive | 1.26 | −0.04 | −0.20 | 0.37 | 0.29 | −0.14 | 2.10 | −0.42 | −1.10 | 1.18 | 0.28 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.20) | (0.97) | (0.83) | (0.70) | (0.79) | (0.93) | (0.12)* | (0.74) | (0.58) | (0.54) | (0.79) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.95) | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.98) |
| Volunteers | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.12 | −0.04 | −0.18 | −0.32 | −0.28 | 0.04 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.17) | (0.12)* | (0.13)* | (0.61) | (0.63) | (0.34) | (0.67) | (0.06)** | (0.01)*** | (0.07)** | (0.45) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.88) | (0.85) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.40) | (0.06)** | (0.51) | (0.98) |
| Ever Voted for Municipal | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.01 | 0.31 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.34 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.20) | (0.61) | (0.53) | (0.43) | (0.83) | (0.42) | (0.91) | (0.00)*** | (0.59) | (0.88) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.96) | (0.99) | (0.78) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.02)*** | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.00)*** |
| Ever Voted for Regional | 0.05 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.27 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.55) | (0.75) | (0.92) | (0.33) | (0.92) | (0.54) | (0.83) | (0.00)*** | (0.84) | (0.59) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.95) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.02)*** | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.01)*** |
| Num. of Friends | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.02 | −0.41 | 2.16 | 0.52 | −2.69 | 4.48 | 5.22 | −1.20 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.99) | (0.88) | (0.91) | (0.99) | (0.81) | (0.31) | (0.89) | (0.14)* | (0.08)** | (0.16) | (0.50) |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.98) | (0.98) | (0.66) | (0.80) | (0.88) | (0.98) |
| Trust Score | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.21 | −0.00 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.79 |
| Unadjusted P-Value | (0.79) | (0.96) | (0.36) | (0.99) | (0.76) | (0.56) | (0.95) | (0.46) | (0.69) | (0.74) | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P-Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.58) | (0.99) | (0.33) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.96) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.00)*** |
Note 1: This table shows the estimates of the coefficient for attending Reggio Approach preschools from multiple methods. We compare Reggio Approach individuals with those who did not attend any preschools. Column title indicates the corresponding control set and and model. None = OLS estimate with no control variables. BIC = OLS estimate with controls selected by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and additional controls for male indicator, migrant indicator, and ITC attendance indicator. Full = OLS estimate with the full set of controls. PSMR = propensity score matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals in Reggio Emilia who did not attend any preschool. KMR = Epanechinikov kernel matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals in Reggio Emilia who attended other types of preschool. DidPm = difference-in-differences estimate of (Reggio Muni – Parma Muni) – (Reggio None – Parma None). KMDidPm = difference-in-differences kernel matching estimate of (Reggio Muni – Parma Muni) – (Reggio None – Parma None). KMPm = Epanechinikov kernel matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals in Parma who did not attend any preschool. DidPv = difference-in-differences estimate of (Reggio Muni – Padova Muni) – (Reggio None – Padova None). KMDidPv = difference-in-differences estimate of (Reggio Muni – Padova Muni) – (Reggio None – Padova None). KMPv = Epanechinikov kernel matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals in Padova who did not attend any preschool.
Note 2: Both unadjusted p-value and stepdown p-value are reported. ***, **, and * indicate significance of the coefficients at the 15%, 10%, and 5% levels respectively.