Table 21.
Estimation Results for Main Outcomes, Comparison to Non-RA Preschools, Age-40 Cohort
| Within Reggio
|
With Parma
|
With Padova
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | BIC | Full | PSMR | KMR | KMPm | KMPv | |
| IQ Factor | −0.15 | −0.12 | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.19 | −0.32 | −0.09 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.22) | (0.29) | (0.22) | (0.34) | (0.16) | (0.00)*** | (0.44) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.64) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.05)** | (0.98) |
| Graduate from High School | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.05)*** | (0.14)* | (0.09)** | (0.20) | (0.32) | (0.61) | (0.82) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.46) | (0.89) | (0.45) | (0.96) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.98) |
| High School Grade | −0.66 | −0.09 | 0.36 | −0.84 | −0.57 | 4.32 | 6.54 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.67) | (0.96) | (0.83) | (0.61) | (0.74) | (0.04)*** | (0.00)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.39) | (0.01)*** |
| High School Grade (Standardized) | −1.13 | −0.17 | 0.36 | 0.74 | −0.69 | −1.87 | 2.59 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.58) | (0.94) | (0.87) | (0.76) | (0.77) | (0.29) | (0.17) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.86) |
| Max Edu: University | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.12 | −0.16 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.20) | (0.34) | (0.62) | (0.92) | (0.88) | (0.07)** | (0.02)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.63) | (0.24) |
| Employed | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.75) | (0.79) | (0.73) | (0.46) | (0.07)** | (0.90) | (0.08)** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.68) | (0.96) | (0.62) |
| Hours Worked Per Week | −0.90 | −1.17 | −1.28 | −1.71 | 0.60 | 1.75 | 5.08 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.64) | (0.58) | (0.56) | (0.38) | (0.78) | (0.32) | (0.02)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.85) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.24) |
| Married or Cohabitating | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.16 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.69) | (0.81) | (0.80) | (0.84) | (0.62) | (0.40) | (0.02)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.24) |
| Not Obese | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.10 | −0.00 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.59) | (0.80) | (0.56) | (0.76) | (0.76) | (0.16) | (1.00) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.91) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.82) | (0.99) |
| Not Overweight | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.00 | 0.06 | −0.03 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.48) | (0.63) | (0.67) | (0.92) | (0.99) | (0.41) | (0.68) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.98) |
| Locus of Control – positive | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.17 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.36) | (0.31) | (0.44) | (0.27) | (0.48) | (0.09)** | (0.18) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.80) | (0.98) | (0.99) | (0.66) | (0.86) |
| Depression Score – positive | 0.56 | 1.37 | 1.09 | 1.28 | 0.98 | −0.72 | 0.91 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.55) | (0.11)* | (0.22) | (0.16) | (0.36) | (0.40) | (0.27) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.89) | (0.60) | (0.92) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.95) |
| Volunteers | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.00 | −0.09 | −0.03 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.23) | (0.75) | (0.54) | (0.93) | (0.96) | (0.12)* | (0.50) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.97) | (0.99) | (0.92) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.72) | (0.98) |
| Ever Voted for Municipal | −0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.07 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.38) | (0.28) | (0.38) | (0.15)* | (0.69) | (0.08)** | (0.36) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.75) | (0.92) | (0.99) | (0.66) | (0.96) |
| Ever Voted for Regional | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.19 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.53) | (0.23) | (0.34) | (0.17) | (0.67) | (0.00)*** | (0.01)*** |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.98) | (0.69) | (0.95) | (0.99) | (0.01)*** | (0.16) |
| Num. of Friends | 1.39 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.88 | 1.42 | 0.25 | 0.16 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.15)* | (0.34) | (0.29) | (0.44) | (0.16) | (0.80) | (0.88) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.94) | (0.99) | (0.61) | (0.99) | (0.94) | (0.96) | (0.98) |
| Trust Score | 0.02 | −0.11 | 0.05 | −0.27 | −0.21 | −0.24 | 0.13 |
| Unadjusted P- Value | (0.95) | (0.64) | (0.84) | (0.33) | (0.45) | (0.31) | (0.51) |
| Stepdown P- Value | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.99) | (0.96) | (0.98) |
Note 1: This table shows the estimates of the coefficient for attending Reggio Approach preschools from multiple methods. We compare Reggio Approach individuals with those who attended other preschools. Column title indicates the corresponding control set and and model. None = OLS estimate with no control variables. BIC = OLS estimate with controls selected by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and additional controls for male indicator, migrant indicator, and ITC attendance indicator. Full = OLS estimate with the full set of controls. PSMR = propensity score matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals in Reggio Emilia who attended other types of preschool. KMR = Epanechinikov kernel matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals in Reggio Emilia who attended other types of preschool. PSMPm = propensity score matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals who attended Parma preschools. KMPm = Epanechinikov kernel matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals who attended Parma preschools. PSMPv = propensity score matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals who attended Padova preschools. KMPv = Epanechinikov kernel matching between Reggio Approach individuals and individuals who attended Padova preschools. Difference-indifference is not available for this cohort due to non-existence of municipal preschools in Parma and Padova.
Note 2: Both unadjusted p-value and stepdown p-value are reported. ***, **, and * indicate significance of the coefficients at the 15%, 10%, and 5% levels respectively.