Table 4.

Administrative Practices

		Reggio Emilia		Parma	Padova
		Municipal	State	Municipal	Municipal	State	Religious
Parental boards or advisory groups are encouraged as active participants in school culture	1960	✓
	1970	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
	1980	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
	1990	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
	2000	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
Full-time, degreed Pedagogistasa are hired by the system to oversee professional development for multiple program sites	1960	✓
	1970	✓
	1980	✓			✓
	1990	✓		✓	✓	✓
	2000	✓		✓	✓	✓
Professional development is provided by highly trained educational coordinators to each program site every 1-2 weeksb	1960	✓
	1970	✓					✓
	1980	✓					✓
	1990	✓		✓		✓	✓
	2000	✓		✓		✓	✓
Full-time Atelierista, or expert in creative visual arts, is staffed at each preschool site and collaborates with classroom teachers to design creative learning activities	1960	✓
	1970	✓
	1980	✓			✓
	1990	✓			✓
	2000	✓			✓
Kitchen and janitorial staff join educators for professional development	1960	✓
	1970	✓		✓
	1980	✓		✓
	1990	✓		✓
	2000	✓		✓	✓
Scheduled work hours are set aside weekly for teachers to document children’s work	1960	✓
	1970	✓			✓
	1980	✓		✓	✓		✓
	1990	✓		✓	✓		✓
	2000	✓		✓	✓		✓
Scheduled hours are set aside weekly for teachers to engage families	1960	✓
	1970	✓		✓			✓
	1980	✓		✓			✓
	1990	✓		✓	✓		✓
	2000	✓		✓	✓		✓
Classrooms are homogeneous in age	1960	✓
	1970	✓	✓
	1980	✓	✓
	1990	✓	✓
	2000	✓	✓
2 co-teachers for incoming cohorts of 3 year olds. At least I teacher stays with the cohort for the next two years to maintain continuity of care	1960
	1970	✓	✓
	1980	✓	✓	✓	✓
	1990	✓	✓	✓	✓
	2000	✓	✓	✓

^aIn non-Reggio Approach systems, this role is referred to as Educative Coordinator. The job responsibilities of Educative Coordinators do vary across cities and ECE systems.

^bIn Padova’s religious programs, professional development is provided by a mixture of part-time and full-time Educative Coordinators.