Table 2. Characteristics of 38 studies included in the systematic review.
| Reference No. | Literature Type | Type of Mental Health Worker/s | CALD group/ Country | Mental Health Care/Setting | Theoretical approach | Sample size | Design/data collection | Analytical approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [30] | Journal Article | Counsellors | CALD/Canada | N/A | N/A | 181 | Qualitative: Critical Incidents | Content Analysis |
| [31] | Journal Article | Therapists | Ethnic minorities/USA | Family Therapy | Experiential family therapy | 6 | Qualitative | N/A |
| [32] | Journal Article | Counsellors | Ethnic minorities/ Tanzania | Counselling university students | N/A | 1 | Autoethnography | N/A |
| [33] | Journal Article | Psychotherapists | Mexican-American, “Negroes”, Japanese-Americans, Chinese-Americans and Jews/USA | Therapeutic relationship | N/A | 16 | Qualitative: interviews | N/A |
| [34] | Journal Article | Counselling graduate students | CALD/USA | Multicultural Training | N/A | 84 | Quantitative: surveys | Multilevel modelling |
| [35] | Journal Article | Counsellors | CALD/USA | Multicultural competency | N/A | 338 | Quantitative: surveys | Hierarchical multiple regression |
| [26] | Journal Article | School counsellors | CALD/USA | Multicultural competence | N/A | 259 | Quantitative: surveys | ANOVA, regression analysis |
| [36] | Journal Article | School counsellor trainees | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling competence | N/A | 99 | Quantitative: surveys | MANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression |
| [37] | Journal Article | School counsellors | Immigrant students/USA | Counselling immigrant students in schools | N/A | 139 | Multicultural case conceptualisation, Quantitative: surveys | Hierarchical multiple regression |
| [38] | Journal Article | GPs, nurses, psychologists, occupational therapists & social workers | CALD/ Australia | Acute adult inpatient | N/A | 53 | Qualitative: focus groups | Thematic analysis |
| [39] | Journal Article | Counselling students | CALD/USA | Multicultural training | N/A | 516 | Quantitative: surveys | Multiple regression, ANOVA, hierarchical regression |
| [40] | Journal Article | Social workers and psychologists | Racial minorities and women/USA | N/A | N/A | 705 | Quantitative: surveys | Descriptive statistics |
| [41] | Journal Article | White counselling and clinical psychology trainees | Racial minorities/USA | N/A | N/A | 177 | Quantitative: surveys | Multivariate multiple regression |
| [42] | Journal Article | Health and human service professionals | Refugees/ Australia | Refugee-specific services | N/A | 22 | Qualitative: semi-structured interviews | Thematic analysis |
| [43] | Journal Article | Special education teachers | CALD students/ USA | Special education | N/A | 17 | Quantitative: online survey | N/A |
| [44] | Journal Article | Counsellor | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling training | N/A | 1 | Auto-ethnography | N/A |
| [45] | Journal Article | Psychology trainees | Refugees/ Canada | Culturally grounded supervision of Psychotherapy practica | N/A | 9 | Mixed Method: Quantitative (pre/post survey) Qualitative (journal entries) Auto-ethnography |
Exploratory analyses, t-tests and thematic analysis |
| [46] | Journal Article | Psychiatrists, doctors, psychiatric social workers and psychologists, nurses, medical students | Black and ethnic minorities/UK | Psychiatric diagnosis | N/A | 339 | Clinical vignette, Quantitative: questionnaire | N/A |
| [47] | Journal Article | School speech-therapists | CALD students/ USA | Schools | N/A | 9 | Qualitative: semi-structured interviews | Thematic analysis |
| [48] | Journal Article | Counselling students | Minority clients/USA | N/A | N/A | 120 | Quantitative: survey | Multiple regression analyses |
| [49] | Journal Article | European American mental health practitioners | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling competencies | N/A | 412 | Quantitative: survey | MANOVA |
| [50] | Journal Article | Social Worker | CALD social worker/ Australia | Child Protection | Auto-ethnography | 1 | Auto-ethnography | N/A |
| [51] | Journal Article | Private Psychotherapists | Cross-cultural interactions/ Germany | Outpatient mental health care service | N/A | 485 | Quantitative: survey | Chi-squared, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, factor analysis |
| [52] | Journal Article | Multicultural therapy trainees | CALD/USA | Multicultural therapy training | N/A | 38 | Quantitative: survey and Guided Inquiry | MANOVA, frequency and percent ratings |
| [53] | Journal Article | Mental health workers, applied psychology students | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling competencies | N/A | 130 | Quantitative: survey | MANOVA |
| [54] | Journal Article | Counselling graduate students | Refugee, Immigrant/USA | Mental health outreach program | N/A | 12 | Qualitative: Interviews | Thematic analysis |
| [55] | Journal Article | Psychiatrist | Japanese/ Canada | Transcultural psychiatry | N/A | 1 | Autoethnography | N/A |
| [56] | Journal Article | White counselling graduate students | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling competencies | N/A | 128 | Quantitative: survey | Hierarchical regression |
| [57] | Journal Article | White counselling graduate students | CALD/USA | Multicultural training | N/A | 116 | Quantitative: survey | Factor analysis, 2 x 2 mixed model ANOVA, primary ANOVA, ANCOVA |
| [58] | Journal Article | Counsellors | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling competencies | N/A | 220 | Quantitative: survey | Descriptive analysis, MANOVA & ANOVA |
| [59] | Journal Article | Counsellors | CALD clients/USA | Multicultural counselling competencies | N/A | 220 | Quantitative: survey | Descriptive analysis, MANOVA & ANOVA |
| [60] | Journal Article | Counsellors, speech pathologists, special education teachers | CALD/ USA | Schools | Non-experimental descriptive design | 75 | Mixed Methods: survey | Descriptive analysis & thematic analysis |
| [61] | Journal Article | Counselling trainees | CALD/USA | Mentoring of ESL students | Consensual qualitative research | 67 | Qualitative: self-reflection process notes Quantitative: survey |
Thematic analysis, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, Mean Difference |
| [62] | Book Chapter | Doctoral counsellor trainees | Immigrant school children/USA | A middle school English as a Second Language Program/ Multicultural Counselling Training | N/A | 16 | Qualitative: trainees' process notes and Quantitative: survey | Thematic analysis, Chronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient |
| [63] | Journal Article | Counselling trainees | CALD/USA | Multicultural Counselling Training | Critical Incidents Technique | 124 | Qualitative and Quantitative: Critical incidents | Content analysis, chi-square |
| [64] | Journal Article | White counselling trainees | CALD/USA | Multicultural counselling competencies | N/A | 311 | Quantitative: survey | Descriptive analysis, MANOVA & ANOVA |
| [65] | Journal Article | Regular and special educators | Multicultural students/USA | (Special) Education | N/A | 403 | Quantitative: survey | N/A |
| [66] | Journal Article | Counselling psychology graduate students | CALD/USA | Ethnic bias in counselling | N/A | 20 | Illusory correlation paradigm & questionnaire | Independent group t-test, paired t-test |