Fig 5. Protein expression of molecules in glucose homeostasis-associated enzymes.

Western blot analysis was used to detect glucokinase, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3b, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the internal control β-actin (A). Protein expression of glucokinase (B), GSK3b (C) and G6Pase (D). Protein quantification was carried out by densitometric analysis, normalized by the internal control β-actin, and calculated as the percentages of the NG model without any treatment (0 μg/ml). Values are means ± SEM, n = 9 for each group. Values with uppercase superscript letters E and F indicated that the NG model+ins1 and HGI model with no treatment (i.e., 0 μg/ml) were significantly different from the NG model (0 μg/ml); and those with different lowercase superscript letters indicate significant differences within each model (one-way ANOVA with LSD, P < .05).