Fig 6. Protein expression of molecules in energy homeostasis.

Western blot analysis was used to detect phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), total AMPK, and the internal control β-actin (A). Protein expression of p-AMPK (B), total AMPK (C), and AMPK activation, i.e., the ratio of p-AMPK and total AMPK (D). Protein quantification was carried out by densitometric analysis, normalized by the internal control β-actin, and calculated as the percentages of the NG model without any treatment (0 μg/ml). Values are means ± SEM, n = 9 for each group. Values with uppercase superscript F indicated that the HGI model with no treatment (i.e., 0 μg/ml) were significantly different from the NG model (0 μg/ml); and those with different lowercase superscript letters indicate significant differences within each model (one-way ANOVA with LSD, P < .05).