VIP-SSM improves distal colonic histology assessed by blinded histopathological score. (A) Representative micrographs of H & E stained distal colonic tissues, scale bar = 100 μm. (B) Graphical representation of the average histopathological score across treatment groups. Values represent mean ± SEM, n = 5, ****p < 0.0001 vs control, ####p < 0.0001 vs DSS, and “a” indicates a significant difference between the groups at a p value of 0.0001.